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Advanced Wireless Communications for Future Technologies-6G and beyond 6G
Published in Anuj Singal, Sandeep Kumar, Sajjan Singh, Ashish Kr. Luhach, Wireless Communication with Artificial Intelligence, 2023
S. S. Kiran, M. Rajan Babu, B. Kiranmai, K. Gurucharan
To further scientific knowledge, the “Federal-Communications-Commission” (FCC) has opened the frequencies between 95 GHz and 160 GHz for research [7]. To get a maximum data speed of 100 Gbps, some cellular operators have chosen to use millimeter waves, a lower band of frequencies, for their 5G services. Others have chosen high millimeter-wave frequencies in the hopes of achieving 100 Gbps; others have chosen high millimeter-wave frequencies. Test results so far have been disappointing, with a peak data rate of approximately 1 Gbps1. Variables such as the staggering complexity of practical communication lines and system malfunction and interaction with other systems are the primary reasons for the significant discrepancy between the planned and actual data rates. THz bands, which lie between the mm-Wave and IR light spectrums, as illustrated in Figure 1.3, were traditionally regarded as a “no-land“ man because of their abundance of ranges resources. On the other hand, THz connections have become a viable alternative for establishing indoor communications networks due to significant advances in the transceiver and antenna design. Recently, the realization of a “Wireless Network on Chip” (WNoC) employing Tera-Hz bands has made significant progress [8].
Ambient Backscatter Communication
Published in Parag Chatterjee, Robin Singh Bhadoria, Yadunath Pathak, 5G and Beyond, 2022
Tushar S. Muratkar, Ankit Bhurane, Ashwin Kothari, Robin Singh Bhadoria
The millimeter-wave (mm-wave) is a part of the 5G wireless communication standard that makes a significant contribution to boosting its data rate. The 5G spectrum covers the frequencies in the range of sub-6 GHz to 100 GHz, with the mm-wave spectrum ranging from 24 GHz to 100 GHz. Due to extensive use of lower frequencies with TV, radio signals and existing 4G networks, they are heavily congested, resulting in slower data speeds. Unlike these lower frequencies, the mm-wave spectrum is relatively unused, so it offers high bandwidth and hence a very high data rate. This mm-wave technology can cover smaller areas with a very high-speed data rate, unlike the lower frequencies that cover large areas but at lower speeds. Due to the capability of mm-wave to offer high speed in smaller areas, it finds applications in ABCS. Authors in [62] built the first hardware model of mm-wave BackCom and achieved a data rate of 4Gbps. The proposed system works in the range of 24–28 GHz with an energy consumption of less than 0.15 pJ/bit.
Electromagnetic Fields
Published in Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore, Introduction to Environmental Management, 2021
However, millimeter waves have raised concerns about their effects on human health and the environment. They are easily obstructed by obstacles such as trees and buildings and have poor penetration of walls. This means that there will have to be many more 5G transmitters in a given area, thus greatly increasing the amount and intensity of radio frequency radiation exposure to humans and animals. The 5G towers will have to be closer together. Estimates are that there will have to be a mini 5G transmitter for several houses to provide reliable service. 5G devices in the home, especially cell phones, will spread the 5G radiation indoors so that the entire environment will be saturated with millimeter-wave radiation. The FDA and CDC downplay health risks from microwave radiation saying that there is no scientific evidence that provides a definitive answer to the question of health risks. However, health risks arise from long-term exposure and can be cumulative. So far, no such studies have been done for millimeter-wave radiation used for communication. However, such radiation that has effects on the human body is amply demonstrated by the use of millimeter-wave radiation as a military weapon to disperse crowds of people in an “Active Denial System.” High-strength radiofrequency (RF) radiation is absorbed by the skin and causes an intense burning sensation. Supposedly, there is no permanent damage to those targeted by the weapon, and the commercial use of 5G is at a much lower intensity. However, this is a massive experiment on the health of humans and animals.
Compact high gain 28, 38 GHz antenna for 5G communication
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2023
Sapna Chaudhary, Ankush Kansal
There has been a remarkable advancement in wireless technology from the last few decades involving the demand for high speed data rates and low latency. 4 G technology’s inability to achieve the desired bandwidth with the current spectrum has encouraged the evolution of 5 G technology. 5 G is still in its incipient stage and the unused spectrum of millimetre wave range plays a vital role for its growth (Elkashlan et al., 2014). However, the perspective of millimetre-wave technology is restricted by its short-distance transmission because of high propagation path loss. To compensate for the lossy propagation at these frequencies, antennas with high gain are desirable. 28 GHz, 37 GHz, 39 GHz 60 GHz and 73 GHz are the most prominent frequency band for this technology. 28 GHz and 38 GHz frequencies are considered best choices for outdoor communication (Jeong et al., 2015) because of less intensity of atmospheric absorption and path loss effects for these frequency bands.
Design and Analysis of 30 GHz CMOS Low-Noise Amplifier for 5G Communication Applications
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
K. Dineshkumar, Gnanou Florence Sudha
Due to the increase in multimedia applications, the present wireless communication technology has problems associated with reduced data rates. Therefore, to increase the data rates, 5G technology proposes the use of millimeter waves (mm-wave). Millimeter waves are electromagnetic that range from 30 to 300 GHz with a wavelength from 10 to 1 mm. Millimeter waves provide high-speed data rate communication between the short distance electronic devices when compared to the existing technologies [1]. The carrier frequency in the millimeter wave frequency range can be specified by various telecommunication standards. For metropolitan area networks, the frequency range for wireless communication is 10 to 66 GHz which is specified by IEEE 802.16. For personal area networks, the frequency ranges from 57 to 66 GHz according to ECMA-387 and IEEE 802.15 standards. While for wireless local area networks, the IEEE 802.11ad specifies the frequency range of 60 GHz [2]. Therefore, large bandwidths available in these frequency ranges are well suitable for the mm-Wave transceiver applications.
Low-complexity non-iterative hybrid precoding scheme for millimeter wave massive MIMO systems
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2022
The current fourth generation (4G) wireless systems are unable to satisfy the ever-growing demand of capacity over wireless networks, required mainly for video streaming. It is expected that as compared to 4G networks, fifth generation (5G) wireless networks can achieve 20 times peak data rate and 100 times energy efficiency (Xiao et al., 2017). To achieve the performance benchmarks of 5G, the application of millimetre wave (mmWave) frequencies along with massive number of antennas at each end of the radio link has been regarded as one of the key technologies (Xiao et al., 2017). Current 4G wireless networks work on microwave frequency band (sub-6 GHz frequencies) which is highly congested. On the other hand, mmWave communication operating at the largely unexplored mmWave frequency band (30–300 GHz) is considered to be the most important technology to achieve huge data rate demands of future networks (Rappaport et al., 2013). Benefits of large scale (massive) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) are achievable at mmWave frequencies by embedding a huge number of transceiver antenna elements in limited space. As a result, mmWave massive MIMO systems can have high beamforming gain and set up radio links with good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) thereby compensating the path loss due to high frequency. Further, large antenna arrays enable multi-stream transmission to single/multiple user/s, which could enhance the spectral efficiency of the system.