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A Comprehensive Overview of Blockchain-Driven IoT applications
Published in Naveen Chilamkurti, T. Poongodi, Balamurugan Balusamy, Blockchain, Internet of Things, and Artificial Intelligence, 2021
Rajalakshmi Krishnamurthi, Dhanalekshmi Gopinathan
In 2008, Nakamoto proposed the proof-of-work (PoW) consensus mechanism in the blockchain especially in Bitcoin and Ethereum [14]. It solves the double-spend problem [7]. PoW is based on a mathematical puzzle that computes a value for nonce. The desirable value for the nonce should be less than the threshold value. Miners use its computing power to solve puzzles (which is also known as mining). The miner who computes a hash value lower than the threshold value first is the winner. The winner broadcasts the new block to the network cryptocurrencies as a reward. The limitation of PoW is that it wastes energy and resources on the creation of a block which consumes lot of computing power and only one miner will be rewarded based on who solved the puzzle first. PoW requires a high processing power and IoT devices that have very limited resources. PoW is thus not an acceptable choice for IoT systems.
Emergence of Blockchain Technology
Published in Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Bharat Bhushan, Aditya Khamparia, Parma Nand Astya, Narayan C. Debnath, Blockchain Technology for Data Privacy Management, 2021
A.K.M. Bahalul Haque, Bharat Bhushan
According to this algorithm, a newly mined block has to provide sufficient proof of its effort to be added to the existing chain. Special nodes in the network, called miners, hold the responsibility to legitimize each transaction in the block through a process called mining. This is carried out by a computationally expensive calculation to solve mathematical puzzle problems. The complexity of the issues includes a hash function, integer factorization, and tour puzzles. On average, it takes about 10 minutes for a user node to try and calculate the correct solution [22]. All the miners in the network compete against each other to be the first to find the answer. The first miner who succeeds receives an economic reward that has been predefined by the protocol of the blockchain network.
Blockchain Architecture, Components and Considerations
Published in Shaun Aghili, The Auditor's Guide to Blockchain Technology, 2023
Aafreen Fathima Altaf Hussain, Temitope Ipentan, Mahakpreet Singh, Grace Moyo Adeyemi
Solving a hash begins with the accessible data in the block header, and hence solving a mathematical puzzle. Each block header includes a version number, a timestamp, the previous block hash, the Merkle Root hash, nonce and the target hash. To solve the mathematical puzzle, the block creators may take multiple tries to decide which string of numbers to use as the nonce. The nonce is a series of arbitrary numbers and is applied to the hash of the previous block, which is further hashed. If the hashed output is less than or equal to the target hash, it is approved as the puzzle’s solution, and the block will be added to the blockchain. The more complex it is to construct a hash that meets the target hash requirements, the longer it takes to solve the puzzle [33].
The potential of recreational mathematics to support the development of mathematical learning
Published in International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 2019
Peter Rowlett, Edward Smith, Alexander S. Corner, David O’Sullivan, Jeff Waldock
A 1982 UK Government report into mathematics teaching said ‘carefully planned use of mathematical puzzles and “games” can clarify the ideas in a syllabus and assist the development of logical thinking’ (Cockcroft, 1982, p. 67). Indeed, recreational mathematics is widespread in school curricula of some countries, especially India where the emphasis is on the development of a positive attitude towards mathematics; by comparison, for example, the United States curriculum focuses on mathematics as a tool without considering the personal experience of using it (Sumpter, 2015).