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Management of Domestic and Municipal Wastewaters
Published in Donald A. Hammer, Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, 2020
Process control will include carbon/nitrogen ratio control, variable loadings between clusters and modules, step loading, and odor control. Carbon/ nitrogen ratio will be controlled by adjusting weir lengths in the distribution box that apportions septic tank effluent between the sand filters and bulrush wetlands. Hydraulic loadings can be varied between clusters at the distribution box apportioning flow among the wetland clusters by adjusting weir lengths. Hydraulic loadings can be varied among modules of a cluster at the inlet box. Each module will be equipped with four inlet pipes located at the head end and at quarter points along the length of the module. Each inlet will be equipped with shut-off valves. We expect that step loading will make possible higher loadings in the wetland. Odor control will be achieved by increasing the fraction of sand filter filtrate or by increasing the number of operable diffusers to reduce local overloading.
Major Issues in Component-Based Software Engineering
Published in Umesh Kumar Tiwari, Santosh Kumar, Component-Based Software Engineering, 2020
Umesh Kumar Tiwari, Santosh Kumar
Complexity metrics are defined on the basis of two types of information flow for a particular module or procedureFan-In: Defines the sum of the number of local flows coming to the module and the count of data structures used to access the information.Fan-Out: Defines the sum of the number of local flows going from the module and the count of data structures modified by the module.Henry and Kafura proposed the local flow complexity as “the procedure length multiplied by the square of fan-in multiplied by fan-out.” This method is used to calculate the count of “local information flows” coming to (fan-in) and going from (fan-out) the module. That is: Complexity in terms of local flows=length of the modulefan-in flows of the module∗fan-out flows of the module2 High fan-in and fan-out values indicate high coupling among modules which leads to problems of maintainability.
Design and Fabrication of Thin-Film Composite Hollow Fiber Modules for Pressure Retarded Osmosis
Published in Chun Feng Wan, Tai-Shung Chung, Membrane Technology for Osmotic Power Generation by Pressure Retarded Osmosis, 2020
Autopsy of the hollow fiber modules shows that wicking of epoxy reduced the effective membrane areas. After injecting epoxy into the potting mold, the epoxy climbed up to 8 mm on each end of the hollow fiber bundle due to the capillary actions. To measure the true effective length of the module, we dissembled the module and took out the hollow fiber bundle. The bundle was then cut off by 1 mm slices until the space among hollow fibers was no more filled with epoxy. The true effective length of the module was 140 ± 3 mm, which was 9.7% short than the apparent length of 155 mm used in the calculations of water flux and power density. The loss of effective membrane area is presented in Figure 8.13, contributing to reductions in water flux and power density in the semi-pilot-scale hollow fiber modules as shown in Figure 8.12(a). Therefore, the water fluxes and power densities of the 30% and 50% packing modules would be improved by 9.7% if wicking of epoxy could be eliminated. It is worth noting that wicking of epoxy can be less restrictive if the modules are enlarged to commercial scales, as the percentage loss of membrane areas becomes negligible.
Numerical Simulation of Miniature Mutual Inductance Type Leak Detector for FBTR
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2018
B. Babu, M. Sai Baba, B.P.C. Rao, K.K. Rajan
SG is a liquid metal heated, once through counterflow heat exchanger in which sodium flows through shell side and water/steam through tube side. There are two SG modules connected in parallel in each loop [2]. Each module consists of a shell of φ177.7/193.7 mm and seven tubes of φ25.7/33.7 mm as shown in Figure 2. The length of each module is around 90 m and is in the form of three S shapes. The once-through type SG is selected to limit the water inventory available for reaction, if any, in case of a tube failure. Depending on the leak size, extensive damage can occur in case of a leak of water to the sodium side in SG. Any water/steam leak into sodium has to be detected at the incipient stage and corrective action taken immediately [3]. The water leak into sodium in SG is detected by a very sensitive sputter ion-pump-based Steam Generator Leak Detection System (SGLDS) by measuring hydrogen in sodium.