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Measurement Systems
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements, 2018
To eliminate the requirement for h and ΔE, the invariant speed of light, c, was used in 1983 to redefine the standard meter as the distance light travels in free space in 1/299,729,458 s (3.3363420 ns). Frequency-stabilized laser sources are used to realize this definition (Sirohi and Kothiyal 1991).
Influence of injection timing on engine performance, emission characteristics of Mimusops Elangi methyl ester
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
R. L. Krupakaran, T. Hariprasasd, A. Gopalakrishna
The experimental investigations were carried out in three phases. In the first phase, the various physicochemical properties of diesel–biodiesel blends were determined and conducted the engine performance on the blending of M.Elangi methyl ester with diesel fuel at various percentages like 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 100%. In the second phase, the fuel properties and experimental investigation of fuel born additive to B20 at various of dosage levels like 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm. In third phase, the test was performed for B20 + 25 ppm nanoparticle blends with varying load conditions at an invariant speed of 1500 rpm. The timing was varied by varying the shim thickness at the connection point between the pump and the engine and is shown in Figure 3(a–d). Reducing the shim thickness by 0.3 mm advances the injection timing by 2° CA. The engine operating conditions such as injection pressure and timing were optimised to 200 bar and 25° bTDC for the biodiesel produced from MEO. The results obtained with B20 + 25 ppm fuel were compared with that of biodiesel at the optimised condition and diesel at standard operating condition (200 bar and 23° bTDC). Initially the engine was made to run in an idle state for 20 min to achieve the steady-state condition by maintaining its temperature level.
Impact of various blends of Mimusops elengi methyl esters on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2018
R.L. Krupakaran, T. Hariprasad, A. Gopalakrishna
The test was performed for various fuel blends with varying load conditions at an invariant speed of 1500 rpm. Initially, the engine was made to run in an idle state for 20 min to achieve the steady-state condition by maintaining its temperature level. As already stated, the fuels considered for this study were 10MEME-90D (Mimusops elengi biodiesel 10% + Diesel 90%), 20MEME-80D (Mimusops elengi biodiesel 20% + Diesel 80%), 30MEME-70D (Mimusops elengi biodiesel 30% + Diesel 70%), 40MEME-60D (Mimusops elengi biodiesel 40% + Diesel 60%), and 100MEME (Mimusops elengi 100%). For every test fuel run, the engine was priorly drained and filled with base diesel fuel. The 4.4-kW diesel engine was loaded with an electrical dynamometer by 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. For clear evaluation, low-load condition was also determined. At last, the engine was analyzed for its behavior with the test fuels considered. For a clear understanding and for maintaining the accuracy level, the average values were noted by repeatedly observing the values for three consecutive times. Errors and uncertainty had been taken into account to get a clear idea regarding the deviation in the experimental values. The uncertainty of the experiment carried out was found to be 2.06% using the analytical method which is shown in Table 6 as done by Vedharaj et al. (2013).
The influence of thermal barrier coating (TBC) on diesel engine performance powered by using Mimusops elengi methyl ester with TiO2 nanoadditive
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
R. L. Krupakaran, Vidyasagar Reddy Gangula, Hariprasad Tarigonda, B. Sachuthananthan, Dhinesh Balasubramanian, Praveen Anchupogu, Ratnakamala Petla, Saravanan Veerasamy
The researchers’ findings confirm that transesterification produced 74% of the methyl ester of MEO (Krupakaran, Hariprasad, and Gopalakrishna 2018). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) have been the most regularly used alkali catalysts, and yet KOH has a better yield (Sharma and Singh 2009). The most often used alcohols in the transesterification method are ethanol and methanol; nevertheless, methanol was adopted in this research due to its minimum cost and greater reactivity (Demirbas 2005; Kwanchareon, Luengnaruemitchai, and Jai-In 2007). M. elengi biodiesel (MEB) is made using a transesterification method wherein methyl alcohol reacts with a catalyst KOH, at 65°C to generate biodiesel and glycerol as a byproduct. MEB is typically made by stirring major components such as oil, methyl alcohol and catalyst for 30 min at a fixed temperature of 65°C with a magnetic stirrer. To eliminate moisture, MEB was heated to above boiling point temperature of water. The tested fuel has been isolated and blended in to diesel. MEB20 fuel with 25 ppm TiO2 nanoparticle is being used as an additive for the experiment. The TiO2 nanoparticles were developed using the solgel method. The TiO2 nanoparticle’s XRD (X-ray diffractometer) pattern is shown in Figure 1. The TiO2 nanoparticle’s tetragonal structure is confirmed by the primary reflections in the pattern of XRD, which are located at (101), (004), (200), (211), (116), (220) and (215). The absence of supplementary or impurity peaks in the XRD pattern demonstrates the sample’s phase purity. The Debye Scherer formula can be used to calculate the average particle size. k is the shape factor in this case (0.9), 1.5406 for Cu-K, the X-ray wavelength, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction peak and the Bragg’s angle. XRD analysis revealed that the particle size was less than 25 nm and it is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. Both B20 and nanoparticles were mixed using ultrasonication. The schematic diagram for preparation of nanofluid is represented in Figure 3. Tables 1 and 2 list the properties of tested fuel. The fuel prepared is tested under diverse loading conditions in a mono cylinder air-cooled diesel engine at invariant speed. Table A2 depicts the estimated cost analysis.