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Control Systems Engineering
Published in L. Ashok Kumar, M. Senthilkumar, Automation in Textile Machinery, 2018
L. Ashok Kumar, M. Senthilkumar
A device that performs the mathematical function of integration is called an integrator. The mathematical result of integration is called the integral. The integrator provides a linear output with a rate of change that is directly related to the amplitude of the step change input and a constant that specifies the function of integration. The step change has an amplitude of 10%, and the constant of the integrator causes the output to change 0.2% per second for each 1% of the input. The integrator acts to transform the step change into a gradually changing signal. As you can see, the input amplitude is repeated in the output every 5 s. As long as the input remains constant at 10%, the output will continue to ramp up every 5 s until the integrator saturates.
Photonic Computing Processors
Published in Le Nguyen Binh, Photonic Signal Processing, 2019
While digital signal processing was originally used in the 1950s as a technique for simulating continuous-time systems using discrete-time computations, it has since become a field of study in its own right. One example is a discrete-time (or digital) integrator, which can be used to simulate the behavior of a continuous-time (or analog) integrator. A digital integrator forms a fundamental part of many practical signal processing systems because the time integral of signals is sometimes required for further use or analysis. For example, digital integrators have been used in the design of compensators for control systems and for measuring the cardiac output, the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time.
Continuous-Time Circuits
Published in Tertulien Ndjountche, CMOS Analog Integrated Circuits, 2017
One approach to realize the integrator section relies on the use of transconductors and capacitor. The circuit diagram of the integrator is illustrated in Figure 7.43(c). The output node equation can be written as () gm1(VE−VRef)+gm2VB+sCVB=0
Design and implementation of second-order microwave integrator
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2020
Mridul Gupta, Dharmendra Kumar Upadhyay
An integrator is a physical system, useful for calculating the time integral of input signals. Design and implementation of integrator circuits has always been a topic of interest for the research community. Traditionally, the design was restricted to analog integrators which were formed using operational transconductance amplifier or an operational amplifier with a series R-C circuit (Abi Zeid Daou, Francis, & Moreau, 2009; Nandi, Das, Kar, & Das, 2010; Sedra & Smith, 1998; Venkateswaran, Nagaria, Sanyal, & Nandi, 2003). Gradually the focus was shifted towards digital integrators which were comparatively found to have easy design procedure and capable of handling signals with more versatility and accuracy.
Modified DTC with Adaptive Compensator for Low-Speed Region of Induction Motor in Electric Vehicle Applications
Published in Smart Science, 2020
Stator side flux is calculated by integrating (6) and (7) contains a pure integrator. An integrator has issues of drifting and saturation. Therefore, low pass filter is incorporated to solve the drift and saturation problem, but it will produce magnitude and phase error. To overcome this problem an algorithm used in [40]. The detail schematic is shown in Figure 6 to calculate the torque and flux estimation.
Tuning PI and fractional order PI controllers with an additional fractional order Pole
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2018
Kianoush Ranjbaran, Mohammad Tabatabaei
For design simplicity, the integrator time constant (Ti) is assumed to be equal to the time constant of the plant model (TM). This means that the controller zero could be canceled with the plant pole. Or