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Effect of synthetic inertia controller on frequency response in a multi-machine power system with high penetration of renewable energy sources
Published in Alka Mahajan, Parul Patel, Priyanka Sharma, Technologies for Sustainable Development, 2020
Chintan R. Mehta, Prasad D. Deshpande, Bhavik D. Nathani, Santosh C. Vora
In steady state operation of a power system, the total power generated (Pgen) is always equal to the sum of total power demand (PD) and line losses (PL) ensuring the frequency being stable in a tolerable range. In case, if disturbance occurs, the kinetic energy stored in the rotating masses of the machines remaining connected to the system, will react to the change. The frequency stability is achieved if the active power balance is maintained. If there occurs a sudden load increase, the output power of the generators cannot increase instantaneously, so the initial frequency variations will be dependent upon the released kinetic energy from the rotating masses J. This phenomenon is termed as “inertial response” and has an important impact on the system frequency stability. However, as the penetration of WFs is increasing in the present power system, the total system inertia is decreasing because of the converter based WTs. Although, it is possible to extract the hidden inertia from the rotating masses of WT by implementing an appropriate control strategy in the power converter to provide inertial response in case of frequency events.
Bayesian-Network-Based AGC Approach
Published in Hassan Bevrani, Takashi Hiyama, Intellyigent Automatic Generation Control, 2017
Hassan Bevrani, Takashi Hiyama
Furthermore, the effect of wind farms on the dynamic behavior of a power system may cause a different system frequency response to a disturbance event (such as load disturbance). Since the system inertia determines the sensitivity of the overall system frequency, it plays an important role in this consideration. Lower system inertia leads to faster changes in the system frequency following a load-generation variation. The addition of synchronous generation to a power system intrinsically increases the system inertial response.
Marine and Hydrokinetic Power Generation and Power Plants
Published in Frede Blaabjerg, Dan M. Ionel, Renewable Energy Devices and Systems with Simulations in MATLAB® and ANSYS®, 2017
During a grid disturbance, the real power is often used to support the grid by providing ancillary services to the grid. This kind of operation is usually controlled by the supervisory control to provide a collective response at the POI. One example is called “frequency response.” Common practice in real power control is to provide inertial response, as is found in a conventional synchronous generators. Another common practice is to control the real power with the droop control as a function of the operating frequency.
Assessment of the optimum location and hosting capacity of distributed solar PV in the southern interconnected grid (SIG) of Cameroon
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2023
Chu Donatus Iweh, Samuel Gyamfi, Emmanuel Tanyi, Eric Effah-Donyina
In general, the frequency response of a grid consists of diverse time-based responses like inertial response, primary frequency response, secondary frequency response and tertiary frequency response. The inertial response has the capability of resolving the initial frequency deviation in the generator after a fault before the governor of the synchronous generator could intervene. The interconnection of renewables in the grid spatially causes the displacement of conventional power plants, leading to falling system rotating mass and hence, creates grid instability issues, especially at high renewable penetration. Therefore, the injection of solar PV into the SIG demands that the frequency stability of the network be investigated. The Cameroonian grid operates within a narrow frequency range of 49.90–50.05 Hz, with expectations of further being narrowed down to a range of 49.95–50.05 Hz as the country transitions towards economic emergence in the future. In order to analyse the frequency stability of the system under 30 PV penetration at the Ngousso 93 kV busbar, a three-phase fault was created at the Kribi 225 kV busbar. The fault started at 2 s and was cleared at 2.1 s. It was observed that the frequency of all five generators connected to the Kribi 225 kV busbar had a pre-fault stable frequency of 50 Hz. At 2 s (time of fault occurrence), the frequency flipped between 53.31 and 47.42 Hz before gradually attaining stability as from the fifth second. Figure 11 shows the frequency response of the Bekoko 93 kV and the Ngousso 93 busbars.
Wind power penetration impact on power system frequency
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2019
Hamid Asadi bagal, Mir mohammad Mir mousavi, Milad Janghorban Lariche, Mohammad Mohammadinodoushan, Hosein Hayati
Recently, new concepts and methods to solve the issues of power balance and reduction in system inertia have emerged. Some of these new ideas work on the system load side, e.g. by manipulating electro-thermal loads during the grid frequency event. This is several times referred to as Demand as Frequency control Reserve (Sobhani et al. 2010). Other ideas work on energy storage technologies interfaced with power converters, where a controllable and fast actuation device is used for delivering or absorbing power to/from the grid during frequency events. Some of these utilise electric vehicles (Larsen, Chandrashekhara, and Ostergard 2008) or Virtual Power Plants (Mohammadi and Ghadimi 2015). However, one of the most exciting and studied ideas is the use of modern wind power generators to contribute to further power through the grid frequency events, which is many times referred to as the inertial response.