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The Role of Discrimination in Workplace Bullying
Published in Ståle Valvatne Einarsen, Helge Hoel, Dieter Zapf, Cary L. Cooper, Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace, 2020
Duncan Lewis, Mats Glambek, Helge Hoel
In the literature, two important concepts are especially highlighted when addressing how inter-group relations lays the groundwork for negative behaviour, namely prejudice and stereotypes. Prejudice is commonly defined as a negative, biased attitude against other individuals based on overgeneralizations about a group to which the individual belongs (Allport, 1966). Like all attitudes, prejudice has a cognitive component (e.g., negative beliefs about individuals based on group membership), an affective component (e.g., aversion or dislike based on group membership) and a conative or behavioural component (e.g., inclinations to negative treatment based on group membership) (Dovidio et al., 2010). Stereotypes, on the other hand, are cognitive schemas used to process information about other individuals (e.g., their characteristics, attributes and behaviours) in a simplified manner (Dovidio et al., 2010), comprising rigid expectations about people based on attributes related to group membership. Together, these categorization-based psychological biases contribute to in-group favoritism and out-group derogation, potentially resulting in discrimination and other forms of ill-treatment of individuals belonging to minority out-groups.
Effects of online incivility and emotions toward in-groups on cross-cutting attention and political participation
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2022
Jiyoung Lee, Jihyang Choi, Jiwon Kim
The finding that high levels of anxiety toward the in-group lead people to pay attention to cross-cutting opinions when encountering online incivility suggests that anxiety toward the in-group candidate could motivate them to pay attention to cross-cutting opinions as a coping strategy to reduce their anxiety. Interestingly, however, the opposite pattern emerged for people experiencing pride toward the in-group (i.e. in-group favoritism). The lack of paying attention to counter-attitudinal messages among people who feel proud toward the candidate they support when encountering online incivility might stem from the tendency to feel less of a need to pay attention to other opposing opinions. For people experiencing pride toward the in-group, uncivil discourse online might serve as a useful cue to solidify the in-group boundary. Hence, this optimistic bias toward the in-group would motivate people less to understand other sides’ viewpoints and take an interest in them, particularly in an environment where incivility prevails. As an additional note, the non-significant interaction between outrage toward the in-group and online incivility on cross-cutting attention could suggest that feeling angry toward their in-group candidate is an uncommon phenomenon, though individuals could feel outrage toward the candidate they support under certain circumstances (e.g. when the candidate conducts immoral behaviour). We leave this as a question for future work.
Organizational Identification and User Responses to Online Organization Criticism
Published in Journal of Computer Information Systems, 2020
Quynh N. Nguyen, Anna Sidorova
Social Identity Theory, originally developed to understand intergroup discrimination, predicts individual behavior based on the individual’s perceived membership in social groups.20 According to the theory, individuals do not have one “personal self,” but rather several selves that correspond to their group memberships. Identification with a social group reflects the degree to which one uses a group to define oneself, and incorporates the group into the self-concept.17 Individuals with strong group identification view themselves not only as a unique person but also as an exemplar of a social category.21 Group membership creates in-group self-categorization and leads to in-group favoritism. When identifying themselves as group members, individuals seek to gain positive self-esteem by differentiating between in-group and out-group members based on some valued dimension.