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Human Speech Communication
Published in John Holmes, Wendy Holmes, Speech Synthesis and Recognition, 2002
Although the individual sound components in speech are not unambiguously related to the identities of the words, there is, of course, a high degree of systematic relationship that applies most of the time. Because speech is generated by the human vocal organs (explained further in Chapter 2) the acoustic properties can be related to the positions of the articulators. With sufficient training, phoneticians can, based entirely on listening, describe speech in terms of a sequence of events related to articulatory gestures. This auditory analysis is largely independent of age or sex of the speaker. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of notation whereby phoneticians can describe their analysis as a sequence of discrete units. Although there will be a fair degree of unanimity between phoneticians about the transcription of a particular utterance, it has to be accepted that the parameters of speech articulation are continuously variable. Thus there will obviously be cases where different people will judge a particular stretch of sound to be on the opposite sides of a phonetic category boundary.
Hard Skill Gap between University Education and the Robotic Industry
Published in Journal of Computer Information Systems, 2023
Hai-Dung Do, Kun-Tan Tsai, Ju-May Wen, Shihping Kevin Huang
Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) was first introduced by Martilla and James24and has become a very popular tool to measure customer satisfaction in different research areas, including education. Hansen and Bush25 pointed out that IPA is a simple and effective technique that helps decision-makers to prioritize and improve the relevant attributes of a particular service or product. Abalo et al.26 also mentioned that IPA can provide effective and understandable metrics and identify management needs that are most important in terms of product or service related attributes. Besides, it can also be considered as a successful marketing tool for developing solutions to surpass competitors. Decision-makers use IPA to analyze two major aspects, one is satisfaction and the other is importance.