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Fault tolerance and ultimate physical limits of nanocomputation
Published in David Crawley, Konstantin Nikolić, Michael Forshaw, 3D Nanoelectronic Computer Architecture and Implementation, 2020
A S Sadek, K Nikolić, M Forshaw
A shortcoming with the previously mentioned work is the failure to take into account noisy interconnects between gates. If the network size is large and the length of wires substantially long, this must be allowed for. The solution to this problem came through theoretical analysis of noise-tolerant cellular automata that used purely local procedures to protect against errors, hence dispensing with the need for wires. Toom developed the first non-ergodic fault tolerant cellular automaton that could compute and store information [62]. Later he developed an extremely simple transition rule (Toom’s Rule) for reliable cellular automata: take the majority vote of your state and that of your northern and eastern neighbour [64]. Gàcs further developed reliable cellular automata with properties of ‘self-organization’, where even with an initially homogenous configuration a hierarchical organization can emerge during noisy computation [39, 65]. Von Neumann’s initial work on reliable computation, mathematics and biology seems to have come full circle to more ‘organic’ architectures akin to his self-reproducing automata [66].
Elements of Systems Dynamics
Published in F. P. Tarasenko, Applied Systems Analysis, 2020
This aspect of the self-similarity of the structure of natural systems can be called a hierarchical system (bearing in mind that the system is sometimes non-hierarchical). Features of hierarchy (see Section 8.4) generate stability, efficiency, and mutability (discreteness of development branches) observed in natural systems, which largely explains the mechanisms of self-organization and evolution in nature, and at the same time the reasons for the frequent preference for hierarchical organization of management in technical and social systems.
Proximity-Service Application Development Framework
Published in Yufeng Wang, Athanasios V. Vasilakos, Qun Jin, Hongbo Zhu, Device-to-Device based Proximity Service, 2017
Yufeng Wang, Athanasios V. Vasilakos, Qun Jin, Hongbo Zhu
Science and education: Scientific groups can use proximity service to share information and knowledge anytime and anywhere. Thus, proximity service can help the groups to expand both their knowledge base and their flexibility of organization in ways that would not be possible within a self-contained hierarchical organization. Proximity service can also support educators by extending discussions with and among students beyond the classrooms [10].
Building with/on Howard T. Odum’s theory of information
Published in International Journal of General Systems, 2023
Energy Transformation Hierarchy. Sometimes shortened to the Hierarchy Principle, this is Odum’s proposed Fifth Energy Law, which refers to the observed patterns of nature that result from self-organization due to the maximum empower principle. Odum says, “The output of one energy transformation contributes and converges energy to produce an even smaller output at the next higher level in an energy transformation chain. In other words, networks of energy transformations comprise an energy hierarchy” (Odum 1996, 18). For Odum, energy self-organization, per maximum empower, results in hierarchical organization of energy transformations and their products that form distinctive patterns, as will be seen in information hierarchies in the second half of this paper, In the hierarchy of the universe, from the very small to the very large, there are storages at each level. Small storages affect small areas and turn over rapidly, whereas larger storages affect larger areas and have long replacement times, lower depreciation rates, slower turnover times, larger sizes, and larger territories of support and influence that go with higher positions in hierarchies. (1996, 24)
A guideline to implement a CPS architecture in an SME
Published in Production & Manufacturing Research, 2023
Jean-Rémi Piat, Christophe Danjou, Bruno Agard, Robert Beauchemin
Heterarchy was defined by (Trentesaux, 2007) as an organization in which entities do not have a hierarchical relationship with each other (Figure 3). A semi-heterarchy represents a hierarchical organization with at least one heterarchical sub-organization. The principle is to allow decision-making entities to work together and to react quickly instead of requiring decisions to be made at higher levels. The Kanban system is an example of semi-heterarchy that allows an increase in production responsiveness.