China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Pediatric Imaging in General Radiography
Published in Christopher M. Hayre, William A. S. Cox, General Radiography, 2020
Allen Corrall, Joanna Fairhurst
Cerebral palsy describes a range of disabilities resulting from an insult during brain development. Depending on when in it occurs during neuronal development and the extent of the insult, the child can be hemiplegic with normal intelligence but often suffers with visual deficits and epilepsy; diplegic, which predominantly affects the lower limbs with normal levels of intelligence, or quadriplegic with varying levels of developmental, visual and occasionally oromotor impairments, and poor trunk control requiring supportive wheelchairs. The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) is used to show the mobilizing abilities of the child. This ranges from mild motor control problems causing clumsiness but otherwise fully mobile through to spastic quadriplegia with little or no muscular control requiring splints and orthoses.
Virtual Reality Interventions' Effects on Functional Outcomes for Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Published in Christopher M. Hayre, Dave J. Muller, Marcia J. Scherer, Virtual Reality in Health and Rehabilitation, 2020
Regarding CP classification, different types were observed across studies, such as hemiplegia, diplegia, spastic, mixed or still not specified CP, slightly prevailing spastic, and mixed cases. In addition, most studies considered the level of functionality according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), particularly levels I and II, as inclusion criteria for children be part of the study. GMFCS is a tool used to assess the level of functionality based on children's ability to self-initiate gross motor movement as well as their need to be assisted by technology or other mobility resources (Palisano et al. 1997). The reported use of this classification for children with CP across studies not only legitimates this tool as a standard procedure to be adopted with this group but also demonstrates that the focus is mainly on the functionality of these children. In addition, the majority of systematic reviews (Ravi et al. 2017, Chen et al. 2018, Rathinam et al. 2019) employed the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) to classify the outcomes measured. This tool has facilitated the understanding of health-related outcomes and functional improvements in children with CP related to the demands of their daily lives (World Health Organization (WHO) 2001), even using a technology resource like VR equipment. Regarding the effects of interventions, all systematic reviews agreed that VR improved the majority of outcomes evaluated, such as balance and walking performance (Warnier et al. 2019); hand function (Rathinam et al. 2019); arm function, ambulation, and postural control (Chen et al. 2018); and balance and motor skills (Ravi et al. 2017). However, it is necessary to discuss in more detail the specifics among these studies' results, taking into account their VR intervention effects calculated across studies.
Evaluation of the electro-dress Mollii® to affect spasticity and motor function in children with cerebral palsy: Seven experimental single-case studies with an ABAB design
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Marina Arkkukangas, Jenny Hedberg Graff, Eva Denison
The inclusion criteria include a) a diagnosis of CP, with spasticity as the main symptom according to information from the medical HC journal; b) Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I–V. GMFCS describes gross movement ability at five levels. Level I represents the highest ability but with some difficulties in speed, balance, and coordination, while level V represents the lowest ability, with difficulties in controlling head and trunk posture in most positions (Palisano et al., 2008); c) Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) [levels 1–5] describes the use of hands to handle objects in daily activities at five levels; level 1 represents the highest function, and level 5 represents the lowest function. (Eliasson et al., 2006); d) age 4–18 years; and e) ability to communicate pain or discomfort.
Adapting ride-on toy cars as a tool to promote leisure: A feasibility study in Colombia
Published in Assistive Technology, 2021
Paulina Restrepo, Juliana Velásquez, Sara Múnera, Carlos Alberto Quintero Valencia
The modifications made to the ride-on cars were designed with children with severe motor disability. Currently, motor skills are classified according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), a five-tier system that classifies children and youngsters with cerebral palsy on the basis of their self-initiated movement. Palisano, et al. described the different levels of GMFCS. In this study, we only modified ride-on cars for children with level IV GMFCS. Children that are able to sit and move on the floor (Palisano et al., 1997). Children with this level of motor ability have very limited options to move outside and cannot keep up with other children their age.
The effect of robotic rehabilitation on posture and trunk control in non-ambulatory cerebral palsy
Published in Assistive Technology, 2022
Nihan Abidin, Ece Ünlü Akyüz, Damla Cankurtaran, Özgür Zeliha Karaahmet, Nihal Tezel
The following demographic and clinical data were collected from the parents at baseline: age, gender, age at the diagnosis, history of treatment (onset of physiotherapy, oral medical treatment, botulinum toxin history, surgical treatment). All patients were classified at the admittance according to the GMFCS. The GMFCS is a five-level classification system that describes the gross motor function of children and youth on the basis of their self-initiated movement with particular emphasis on sitting, walking, and wheeled mobility (Palisano et al., 2008).