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Battery Energy Storage
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
The theoretical capacity of a battery can be obtained Faraday’s law of electrolysis which states that the mass of the elemental material altered at an electrode is directly proportional to the element’s equivalent weight for a given quantity of electrical charge. The equivalent weight of the elemental material is given by the molar mass divided by the number of electrons transferred per ion for the reaction undergone by the material. This number is known as the valency number of ions for the substance. Mathematically, Faraday’s law can be written as mR=QFMmn
Electrochemical Methods
Published in Jerome Greyson, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Pollutants and Their Determination in Air and Water, 2020
noting that the conventional representation of an electrochemical cell always shows the oxidizing process at the left and the reduction process at the right. Also note that the oxidation of a formula weight of silver produces the same number of electrons as the oxidation of half a formula weight of hydrogen gas. This relationship serves as the basis of the definition of the chemist’s equivalent weight. That is, an equivalent weight (or an equivalent) of any chemical compound is that amount that will yield, when it is oxidized, enough electrons to produce one half a formula weight of hydrogen gas from hydrogen ions.* That number of electrons, incidentally, is also called an equivalent of electrons and is equal to a “Faraday” of electricity or 96,494 coulombs of electric charge.
Analytical Measurements
Published in Douglas O. J. deSá, Instrumentation Fundamentals for Process Control, 2019
It is difficult to give a clear definition of equivalent weight (gram equivalent) to cover all reactions. The equivalent weight of an acid is that weight of the acid that contains one replaceable hydrogen, i.e., 1.008 g of hydrogen. The equivalent weight of a base (alkali) is that weight containing one replaceable hydroxyl group, i.e., 17.008 g of ionizable hydroxyl (17.008 g hydroxyl is equivalent to 1.008 g of hydrogen). In general, for a salt, it is defined as its gram molecular weight divided by the total positive or total negative valence and for oxidizing or reducing agents, it is the gram molecular weight divided by the total change in valence of all atoms in the molecule that change valence. Modern chemistry uses the mol equivalent instead of the equivalent weight to simplify the calculations, for under identical conditions equal volumes of gases will contain an equal number of molecules (Avogadro’s law).
Utilising neutrosophic theory to solve transition difficulties of IoT-based enterprises
Published in Enterprise Information Systems, 2020
Mohamed Abdel-Basset, Nada A. Nabeeh, Haitham A El-Ghareeb, Ahmed Aboelfetouh
The computation of CR is mentioned: Calculate WS denotes for weighted sum, by multiplying the decision judgements matrix’s column by the corresponding weight.The resulted WS is divided by the corresponding equivalent weight.The mean of the previous steps are calculated and symbolise as Calculate the consistency index (CI):
Active power coefficient control for grid-tied photovoltaic system under voltage distortions
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Ajay Kumar, Nirav Patel, Nitin Gupta, Vikas Gupta, B. Chitti Babu
It can be concluded that the equivalent conductance is responsible for injecting real power to the load. Thus, it can be utilized to extract the active weight from that particular phase. Therefore, the equivalent conductance is required to represent in stipulations of equivalent voltage and active current components so that the block diagram can be designed to extract the weight component as shown in Figure 4. Moreover, this component can be termed as active power coefficient as it can be used to produce the estimated current for VSC as revealed in Figure 4. Hence, the modified equivalent weight is written as shown in Eq. (17).
Using spatial heterogeneity to strengthen the neighbourhood effects of urban growth simulation models
Published in Journal of Spatial Science, 2023
Shuting Zhai, Yongjiu Feng, Xinlei Yan, Yongliang Wei, Rong Wang, Pengshuo Li
The hotspot analysis would produce smoothing effects on the AGRHST map, but the gradient analysis would produce edging effects on the AGRGDT map. Based on these three spatially heterogeneous layers and the spatial homogeneous layer, we established four CA models to simulate the urban growth dynamics of Chuzhou: a) HOMO-CA that applies equivalent weight to the neighbourhood, b) AGR-CA that incorporates AGR into the neighbourhood, c) AGRHST-CA that incorporates AGRHST into the neighbourhood, and d) AGRGDT-CA that incorporates AGRGDT into the neighbourhood.