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Bioinformatics Tools and Software in Clinical Research
Published in Rishabha Malviya, Pramod Kumar Sharma, Sonali Sundram, Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj, Balamurugan Balusamy, Bioinformatics Tools and Big Data Analytics for Patient Care, 2023
Deepika Bairagee, Nitu Singh, Neelam Jain, Urvashi Sharma
A putative medicine is put through rigorous pharmacological and in vivo testing on animal models (mice, rats, pigs, dogs). The most important research areas are persistent toxicity that might be acute, subacute, or chronic (toxicity profile). The evolution of therapeutic safety and efficacy concerns the ratio of the median efficient dosage to the median effective dose, called (ED50). Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) investigates the processes of consumption, circulation, elimination, and metabolism (pharmacokinetics) [41].
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Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Alaaldin M. Alkilany, Catherine J. Murphy
The available literature reports, both in vitro and in vivo, vary widely in their methods and conclusions (Ostrowski et al. 2009). Many reports indicate that gold nanoparticles are nontoxic; however, others contradict this finding. To draw a complete conclusion, more studies are needed which: Include critical nanoparticle characterization both prior to and after mixing with the biological media, with a focus on the change of the physical properties such as aggregation state, effective surface charge, degree and identity of protein adsorption, and desorption of chemicals from the surface of the nanoparticles.Include careful control experiments such as the discussed “supernatant control” experiment in Fig. 11.4 (Alkilany et al. 2009; Bar-Ilan et al. 2009).While many studies focus on determining the lethal dosage of nanoparticles (LD50, dose required to kill half of the population), little if any focus on determination of the effective therapeutic dosage of these nanoparticles (ED50, dose required to produce therapeutic response in 50% of the population). Determining the ED50 experimentally will help nanotoxicologists to use more realistic dosing to assess the toxicity of nanoparticles.Most the studies were conducted on simple gold nanoparticles (citrate or CTAB capped). Efforts are needed to study the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of functionalized gold nanoparticles with real surface composition (e.g., recognition and nonfouling molecules) since this surface modification can significantly alter the whole story.The major administration route in the reported in vivo studies is intravenous injection. More investigation is needed to study the toxicity of gold nanoparticles using different route of exposure such as inhalation, oral absorption, and dermal absorption of gold nanoparticles.
Influence of diesel fuel contamination on Xanthium strumarium L. germination and growth
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2020
Djaffer Dib, Djamila Sadoudi Ali Ahmed
The experiment consisted of four treatments and a control; three replicates were used each time. Plastic pots were used to conduct the experiment. Four different levels of contamination were prepared by adding 2.5 g, 5 g, 7.5 g, and 10 g diesel to 100 g of the substrate. Diesel was mixed with acetone to assure a homogeneous distribution in the soil. The acetone was then permitted to evaporate in a fume hood. The control (0 g) consisted only of the substrate, without any diesel fuel. Ten X. strumarium burs were placed in each pot and moistened with water. Burs were used due to the difficulty of extracting the seeds from them without causing physical damage to the seeds. The experiment was conducted at room temperature (24 ± 2° C). Seed germination was recorded 6 and 11 days after sowing for cumulative germination and the total germination was recorded 14 days after sowing. The root and shoot lengths were recorded 14 days after sowing. The coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) was calculated according to Al-Mudaris (1998). This parameter gives information about the rapidity of the germination. CVG = N1 + N2 +…+ Ni/100 x N1T1 +…+ NiTi, where N is the number of germinated seeds each day and T is the number of days from sowing corresponding to N. The EC50 (effective concentration 50%) was calculated using the Quest Graph™ ED50 Calculator (AAT Bioquest 2018).
Comprehensive strategies to minimize radiation exposure during Interventional electrophysiology procedures: state-of-the-art review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Miraj Desai, Omar Kahaly, Adil Aslam, Jonnie Saifa-Bonsu, Maham Usmani, Toshimasa Okabe, Muhammad R. Afzal, Mahmoud Houmsse
In order to properly recognize the detrimental effects of radiation exposure and minimizing these effects, it will be important to familiarize oneself with the definition and dose metrics that were highlighted by the Expert on Optimal Use of Ionizing Radiation in Cardiovascular Imaging-Best Practices for Safety and Effectiveness [2]. Absorbed dose is the amount of energy deposition per unit body mass. It is measured in grays (Gy).Effective dose is the measurement of the total body amount of radiation compared to potential risk of complications. It is measured in millisieverts (mSv). Effective dose >100 mSv will result in radiation complication including future development of cancer.ED50 is the median effective dose (ED50) of radiation to prevent from unwanted adverse effects of these procedures.ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) is a concept has been used to lower radiation exposure to prevent from accumulative long-term risk of cancer.Air kerma (AK) is the energy/dose delivered from an x-ray beam to a specific volume of air. KERMA stands for kinetic energy released per unit mass (of air). It is used clinically to estimate the energy/dose delivered to a specific point (typically skin surface) and is a measure of deterministic risk and absorbed dose. A point that is far from the radiation source will have a lower AK value, a point close to the radiation source will have a higher AK. It is measured in grays (Gy) [3,4].Dose-area product (DAP) is a measure of the total amount of x-ray energy delivered to the entire area being irradiated. Unlike AK, DAP does not vary with location, it is a clinical estimate of the total radiation dose delivered to the patient. DAP can be calculated by multiplying the average AK value in the irradiated field by the cross-sectional area of the x-ray beam. Thus, the units are Gy*cm2. DAP is also occasionally referred to as the kerma area product (KAP). DAP is a measure of stochastic risk and can be used to estimate effective doses and organ doses [3,4].