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Breathomics and its Application for Disease Diagnosis: A Review of Analytical Techniques and Approaches
Published in Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig, Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
David J. Beale, Oliver A. H. Jones, Avinash V. Karpe, Ding Y. Oh, Iain R. White, Konstantinos A. Kouremenos, Enzo A. Palombo
Some researchers collect exhaled breath condensate (EBC), which is a biofluid obtained non-invasively after collecting and cooling the exhaled air (Baraldi et al., 2009; Carraro et al., 2007; Ibrahim et al., 2013). Typically, the condensate is collected via a sampling device fitted with a condenser and a saliva trap. A major advantage of analyzing EBC is that it captures both volatile and non-volatile metabolites (Nobakht et al., 2015). The EBC is collected over a period of 15 or more minutes and its composition is believed to reflect that of the fluid lining the airways (Carraro et al., 2007). Exhaled breath vapor/condensate (EBV/EBC) collection, has been described in a widely cited research paper by Martin et al. (2010). The study involved the use of a solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibre fitted inside the commercial breath collection device, namely the RTubeTM. The SPME adsorbed sample was then desorbed to a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assembly for analysis. The test indicated a presence of limonene and related metabolites such as pinene, myrcene and terpinols from breath samples of individuals who had consumed lemonade. The study also showed a great potential for detecting compounds more relevant to medical diagnosis.
Measuring acute pulmonary responses to occupational wildland fire smoke exposure using exhaled breath condensate
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2020
Chieh-Ming Wu, Anna Adetona, Chi (Chuck) Song, Luke Naeher, Olorunfemi Adetona
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) obtained from airway lining fluids during spontaneous breathing contains large amounts of compounds that are measurable for elucidating ongoing biochemical responses in the lungs.12 EBC collection is noninvasive and therefore suitable for investigating acute pulmonary effects with repeated sample collections in short time periods. Studies evaluating pulmonary effects by measuring nonspecific cytokines in EBC show the potential of using EBC for detecting acute oxidative stress and inflammatory responses among wildland firefighters who repeatedly experience high levels of WF smoke exposures.13 In the present study, healthy wildland firefighters were recruited and their EBC was collected before, after, and the next morning following prescribed burns. An oxidative stress biomarker, 8-isoprostane, and pro-inflammatory biomarkers including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-reactive protein (CRP), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) were measured in EBC so as to determine acute pulmonary responses among the firefighters following the WF smoke exposure.
A pilot study of total personal exposure to volatile organic compounds among Hispanic female domestic cleaners
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2022
Kelly Oyer-Peterson, David Gimeno Ruiz de Porras, Inkyu Han, George L. Delclos, Edward G. Brooks, Masoud Afshar, Kristina W. Whitworth
Compared with reference levels in Kushner et al. (2006), nearly 39% of the participants in this study demonstrated mildly or substantially elevated CRP levels. Although CRP is a nonspecific indicator of systemic inflammation, both short-term exposures to ambient air pollution (Li et al. 2017) and specific disease processes such as asthma (Deraz et al. 2012) have each been associated with increased CRP levels; CRP levels have also been used as markers of cardiovascular disease (Cozlea et al. 2013). Regarding 8-ISP, 11 out of 14 of the participants in this study had EBC 8-ISP concentrations that exceeded the reference range (9.26 pg/mL, range 2.46–10.71) among healthy adults described in Shoman et al. (2020) systematic review and meta-analysis. 8-Isoprostane is a prostaglandin-like compound produced by free-radical proxidation of arachidonic acid and is a reliable biomarker of lipid peroxidation via reactive oxygen species (Awad et al. 1996). When measured in EBC, 8-ISP reflects oxidative stress specific to the airways (Kharitonov and Barnes 2001). Finally, EBC pH informs airway inflammation and lung disease, particularly related to asthma, but also reflects insults related to other respiratory disease and exposures (Aldakheel et al. 2016; Davis and Montpetit 2018). Only one woman in this pilot study had an acidotic EBC pH of 7.1, which is below the median EBC pH (8.0, interquartile range 7.8–8.1) reported from a study of healthy participants to establish normative reference values (Paget-Brown et al. 2006). Although these findings are suggestive of potential inflammation-related effects and cell and tissue damage related to oxidative stress, the results must be interpreted with caution given the small sample size in this study, the lack of a proper comparison group, and the lack of clinical history details on the participants (Pizzino et al. 2017). Therefore, these results remain suggestive and will need to be confirmed in larger studies.