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Overview
Published in James F. Pankow, Aquatic Chemistry Concepts, 2018
A variety of units can be used to express the concentration of a given material in an aqueous solution. In one way or another, all of these units are expressed in terms of the mole concept. The unit of “one mole” is fundamentally no more complicated than the unit of “one dozen.” A mole is merely much bigger than a dozen. Obviously, if you have one dozen of something, you have 12 items. If you have one mole, you have 6.023 × 1023 items. The number 6.023 × 1023 is often referred to as Avogadro’s Number. Except when used in the expression “mole fraction,” the term “mole” is often abbreviated simply as “mol.” When a solution contains 1.0 mols of a particular species per liter of aqueous system, we say that the solution is 1.0 molar (1.0 M) in that species.
Overview
Published in James F. Pankow, Aquatic Chemistry Concepts, 2019
Most concentration units in common use involve the “mole” concept. The unit “mole” is fundamentally no more complicated than is the unit “dozen”. If you have one dozen of something, you have 12 items. If you have one mole of that item, you have 6.023 × 1023 of them. The number 6.023 × 1023 is very special in chemistry and is called Avogadro’s Number. Except perhaps when used in the terms of a “mole fraction”, the term “mole” is often abbreviated as “mol”.
Human beings and robots: are there any differences in the attribution of punishments for the same crimes?
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2021
Stefano Guidi, Enrica Marchigiani, Sergio Roncato, Oronzo Parlangeli
Participants were then presented with the validated Italian version of the Dirty Dozen Inventory – DDI (Chiorri, Garofalo, and Velotti 2019). This tool is a reduced version of the Dirty Dozen – DD questionnaire (Jonason and Webster 2010) comprising only 12 items. It was designed to measure the so-called Dark Triad, three socially undesirable personality traits, namely narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Each trait is indicated by four items, with responses measured on a 7-point agreement Likert scale, ranging between ‘strongly agree’ and ‘strongly disagree’. Two further items were embedded within the Dark Triad items to verify the validity of participants’ responses. These items were ‘I have not lied at all in my life’ and ‘Generally speaking, it is wrong to harm others’. Participants were excluded if they had responded positively (5 on a 5-point scale) to the first item or negatively (1 on a 5-point scale) to the second.
An effective computational attempt for solving fully fuzzy linear programming using MOLP problem
Published in Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 2019
Example 2 [6,20]: Dali Company––one of the main producers of soft drinks and low-temperature foods in Taiwan––tries to extend the South-East Asian market and develops the visibility of Dali products in the Chinese market. Following the entry of Taiwan to the World Trade Organization, this company aims to seek strategic alliance with prominent international companies and introduced international bread to lighten the embedded future impact. In the domestic soft drinks market, Dali produces tea beverages at three plants in Changhua, Touliu, and Hsinchu and transformed them to four distribution centers in Taichung, Chiayi, Kaohsiung, and Taipei according to their demand. The available supply from these three plants, the forecast demand from the four distribution centers, and the unit transportation costs for each path used by Dali for the next season are imprecise numbers because of incomplete data. These input data can be formulated by use of triangular possibility distributions over the planning horizon according to past experiences and preliminary environmental information. For example, the available supply of the Touliu plant is given by (12, 14, 16) thousand dozen bottles, the forecast demand of the Chiayi distribution center is given by (8.9, 10, 11.1) thousand dozen bottles, and the transportation cost per dozen bottles from Touliu to Chiayi is given by ($18.2, $20, $22). All of these imprecise data are given in Table 1. Dali wants to determine the fuzzy optimal transportation of the products for reducing the transportation costs as much as possible.
Application of the Artificial Neural Network for Predicting Mainshock-Aftershock Sequences in Seismic Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2021
Gholamreza Abdollahzadeh, Ehsan Omranian, Vahid Vahedian
Strong aftershocks occur in many regions where complex fault systems exist. When the first rupture takes place, all the cumulative strains are not released, and therefore high stresses form at different places causing sequential ruptures until the complete stabilization of the fault system [Hosseinpour and Abdelnaby, 2017]. Strong aftershocks may occur at any time after their corresponding mainshocks. For example, in 2011, the Tohoku earthquake included an aftershock (M7.9) that occurred one hour after the mainshock (M9), in 2012, the Chile earthquake also had an aftershock (M7.2) that took place 12 days after the mainshock, and another (M6.3) followed approximately 4 months after the mainshock in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake (New Zealand) [Abdelnaby, 2012]. The 1999 Kocaeli earthquake (M7.4) in Turkey, there was an aftershock (M5.0) that happened approximately one month after the mainshock, killing 7 individuals, injuring 239 people, and causing the collapse of a dozen buildings in three cities near the aftershock epicenter [USGS, 2000]. In the 1997 March-Umbria earthquake in Italy, 11 individuals were killed, four of whom lost their lives in the aftershock while they were inspecting the damage caused by the mainshock [Spence and D’Ayala, 1999]. Aftershocks are not predictable in terms of location, time, and energy content. Furthermore, aftershocks have a significant impact on structures that their stiffness and strength have been degraded by the mainshock. Therefore, they are able to increase the level of damage to these structures or even lead to their collapse [Priestley, 1988; EQE Engineering, 1990; Hosseinpour and Abdelnaby, 2017].