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Background
Published in Sudip Poddar, Bhargab B. Bhattacharya, Error-Tolerant Biochemical Sample Preparation with Microfluidic Lab-on-Chip, 2022
Sudip Poddar, Bhargab B. Bhattacharya
Linear dilution that dilutes a stock solution (sample) into a linear range of CFs over CF = 0 (0%) to CF = 1 (100%), offers sensitive tests [183]. In linear dilution, CFs of a sample fluid generally appear in arithmetic progression, e.g., 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%. A linear dilution of CFs of sucrose ranging from 10% to 40% is required in the case of sucrose gradient analysis [17]. Serial dilutions dilute a stock solution into a logarithmic (or, equivalently, exponential) scale. A serial dilution is the stepwise dilution of a sample fluid. In this type of dilution, CFs are generated by repeating the dilution step, using the previous CF as input to the next dilution. CFs are generated in geometric progression since dilution-fold (mixing-ratio) is same in each step. For example, the following CFs are generated in serial dilution: 15, 125, 1125, 1625. Serial dilutions are widely used to accurately create highly diluted solutions for biochemical experiments.
Chemical Analysis Basics
Published in Thomas J. Bruno, Paris D.N. Svoronos, CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 2020
Thomas J. Bruno, Paris D.N. Svoronos
Serial dilution is less a standardization method as it is a method of generating solutions to be used for standardizations. Nevertheless, its importance and utility, as well as the popularity of its application, warrants mention in this section. A serial dilution is the stepwise dilution of a substance, observant of a specified, constant progression, usually geometric (or logarithmic). One first prepares a known volume of stock solution of a known concentration, followed by withdrawing some small fraction of it to another container or vial. This subsequent container is then filled to the same volume as the stock solution with the same solvent or buffer. The process is then repeated for as many standard solutions as are desired. A ten-fold serial dilution could be 1 M, 0.1 M, 0.01 M, 0.001 M, etc. A ten-fold dilution for each step is called a logarithmic dilution or log-dilution, a 3.16-fold (100.5-fold) dilution is called a half-logarithmic dilution or half-log dilution, and a 1.78-fold (100.25-fold) dilution is called a quarter-logarithmic dilution or quarter-log dilution. In practice, the ten-fold dilution is the most common. The serial dilution procedure is not only used in chemical analysis but also in serological preparations in which cellular materials such as bacteria are diluted. A critical aspect of serial dilution is that the initial solution concentration must be prepared and determined with great care, since any mistake here will be propagated into all resulting solutions.
Analytical Chemistry
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
large excess. The carrier is similar, chemically and physically, to the unknown analyte, but easily separated from it. Its purpose is to saturate or season the matrix and prevent analyte loss. Serial dilution is less a standardization method as it is a method of generating solutions to be used for standardizations. Nevertheless, its importance and utility, as well as the popularity of its application, warrants mention in this section. A serial dilution is the stepwise dilution of a substance, observant of a specified, constant progression, usually geometric (or logarithmic). One first prepares a known volume of stock solution of a known concentration, followed by withdrawing some small fraction of it to another container or vial. This subsequent container is then filled to the same volume as the stock solution with the same solvent or buffer. The process is then repeated for as many standard solutions as are desired. A ten-fold serial dilution could be 1 M, 0.1 M, 0.01 M, 0.001 M, etc. A ten-fold dilution for each step is called a logarithmic dilution or log-dilution, a 3.16 fold (100.5 fold) dilution is called a half-logarithmic dilution or half-log dilution, and a 1.78 fold (100.25 fold) dilution is called a quarter-logarithmic dilution or quarter-log dilution. In practice, the ten-fold dilution is the most common. The serial dilution procedure is not only used in chemical analysis but also in serological preparations in which cellular materials such as bacteria are diluted. A critical aspect of serial dilution is that the initial solution concentration must be prepared and determined with great care, since any mistake here will be propagated into all resulting solutions.
Biological treatment of dairy industry wastewater in a suspended growth batch reactor: performance evaluation and biodegradation kinetics
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2022
Abhishek Das, Pradyut Kundu, Sunita Adhikari (Nee Pramanik)
A serial dilution is the step wise dilution of a substance in solution. Usually, the dilution factor at each step is constant; resulting in a geometric progression of the concentration in a logarithmic fashion. Sample taken from experimental batch reactor containing carbonaceous sludge was spread on nutrient ager medium and kept for 24 hr incubation at 37° C. The composition of NA medium was (g/L)- peptone:5.0, beef extract: 3.0, Agar: 30.0, pH 6.8–7.2. To identify the most potent carbonaceous bacteria, cultures of selected six (BC 1 – BC 6) well developed isolates were transferred on the individual slant. To select the most potent strain the culture was transferred into nutrient broth medium and incubated for 24 hr at temperature of 37° C. Inoculums of the isolated bacteria (10% v/v) was added to the simulated dairy wastewater sample and cultivated by shaking at 120 rpm at 37° C. Samples were taken out from each flask after a period of 24 hr, then centrifuged at 5000 rpm (REMI, R-8C Model, RCF: 3600 g) for 15 min at 4° C and finally the supernatant solution was tested for COD removal. Among the six isolates, the one (isolate BC 5) shows the maximum COD removal efficiency.
Design Automation and Testing of MEDA-Based Digital Microfluidic Biochips: A Brief Survey
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2020
Pampa Howladar, Pranab Roy, Hafizur Rahaman
Presynthesis phase starts with an analysis of the designated bioassay to formulate the sample preparation and mixing stages. Sample preparation for implementation of a bioassay implies the formation of a sample with a single or a set of targeted dilution. Dilution indicates the achievement of a desired concentration factor for preparing the fluid to be taking part in reaction through mixing and splitting in a specified biochemical analysis or detection process. Sample preparation is sequentially distributed into multiple stages. These stages are represented through sequencing graphs indicating requisite mixing and splitting (as microfluidic operation) eventually necessary for achieving gradually the requisite concentration in subsequent stages.
Identification of a novel strain of fungus Kalmusia italica from untouched marine soil and its heavy metal tolerance activity
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2021
S. Sumathi, V. Priyanka, V. Krishnapriya, K. Suganya
The Serial dilution method was used to prepare the sample. Serial dilution is the step by step dilution of a substance in solution. Serial dilution is being used to acquire a plate of cultivation which yields several separate colonies. From this, it is possible to make the cell viability in the original suspension, as a colony chosen for pure culture (Rafiq et al. 2018). Potato Dextrose Agar comprises 200 g of potato infusion which serves as a nutrient base, 20 g of dextrose as a carbohydrate source, and 20 g of agar as a solidifying agent, distilled water is used to make up the media and finally, pH is adjusted to 7. The media was autoclaved at 121 °C temperature and 15 lbs pressure for a period of 15–30 min. One gram of the suspension from the Marine soil sample was mixed with 10 ml sterilized distilled water. To ensure the proper mixing, these samples were vigorously shaken in a vortex for 2 min. To activate the microorganisms, before plating, all the samples were incubated in an incubator for 30–40 min at 37 °C. The dilutions of each sample were prepared after incubation by using the standard dilution method with the help of a sterilized pipette. Serial dilution from 10-0 to 10-9 of marine soil sample was done and inoculated into the plates. In the test tube stand, the labeled tubes were placed, from which 1 ml of the sample is transferred to test tube number 1 and another 1 ml of the sample is transferred to test tube number 2 and each dilution is repeated. The medium was then sterilized by autoclaving at 121 °C for 20 min. Then, the medium was left to cool and then poured into Petri dishes to solidify. The L-rod is sterilized and distributed by manually rotating the Petri plate over the surface of the agar medium. The plates were incubated in an inverted position for 5–7 days at 37 °C for the growth of fungi. The incubated plates were inspected daily for fungal growth. The separated colonies were observed and picked up with sterile forceps and inoculated on the plate. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 5–7 days and for further analysis the purified culture is taken.