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Privacy-Preserving Infrastructure for Health Information Systems
Published in Ahmed Elngar, Ambika Pawar, Prathamesh Churi, Data Protection and Privacy in Healthcare, 2021
Sheikh Mohammad Idrees, Mariusz Nowostawski, Roshan Jameel, Ashish Kumar Mourya
Blockchain is a distributed decentralized network that was first introduced as a basic supporting technology for the cryptocurrency named Bitcoin. Blockchain is still in its development phase and is being adopted by almost every industry today. Basically, blockchain is a decentralized network that stores the data in a distributed manner and maintains a log of transactions along with the timestamp and assures that the data are tamperproof. Blockchain is a carrier that stores the information in the form of blocks, and these blocks are connected to one another forming a chain. A block consists of a block header and block body. The headers of the blocks are the most important ones, as they keep the details such as version, header of previous block, timestamp, complexity, Merkle root, etc., along with meta-information such as the structure and usage of the block. The version number of the block defines the validation rules of the set of blocks and the complexity of the block. The Merkle root is created for every transaction and assures the immutability of the transactions. The transactions are signed digitally in order to get the hash value. In a Merkle tree, the root values of the hashes are kept in the blockhead. A block consists of a hash value of its own as well as the hash of the previous block that helps in connecting the blocks in order to form a chain.
Cyber Security in Terms of IoT System and Blockchain Technologies in E-Healthcare Systems
Published in Sourav Banerjee, Chinmay Chakraborty, Kousik Dasgupta, Green Computing and Predictive Analytics for Healthcare, 2020
Sudipta Paul, Subhankar Mishra
A blockchain is a decentralized, distributed and oftentimes public, digital ledger that is used to record transactions across many computers so that any involved record cannot be altered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent blocks. This allows the participants to verify and audit transactions independently and relatively inexpensively. A blockchain database is managed autonomously using a peer-to-peer network and a distributed timestamping server. They are authenticated by mass collaboration powered by collective self-interest. Such a design facilitates a robust workflow where participants’ uncertainty regarding data security is marginal. The use of a blockchain removes the characteristic of infinite reproducibility from a digital asset. It confirms that each unit of value was transferred only once, solving the long-standing problem of double-spending. A blockchain has been described as a value-exchange protocol. A blockchain can maintain title rights because, when properly set up to detail the exchange agreement, it provides a record that compels offer and acceptance.
Reputation Management on D2D Ecosystems
Published in Khan Pathan Al-Sakib, Crowd-Assisted Networking and Computing, 2018
Dimitris Chatzopoulos, Pan Hui, Gunnar Karlsson
The popularity of digital currencies, especially cryptocurrencies, has been continuously growing since the appearance of Bitcoin [27]. Bitcoin is a P2P cryptocurrency protocol enabling transactions between individuals without the need for a trusted authority. Its network is formed from resources contributed by individuals known as miners. Users of Bitcoin currency create transactions that are stored in a specialized data structure called a blockchain. Bitcoin’s security lies in a proof-of-work scheme, which requires high computational resources at the miners. These miners have to be synchronized with any update in the network, which produces high-data-traffic rates. A blockchain is a decentralized and distributed digital ledger that is used to record transactions across many communicating parties so that the record cannot be altered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent blocks and the collusion of the network. Each transaction contains information that is related to the sender and the receivers, and apart from credits it can also contain extra information.
BFG: privacy protection framework for internet of medical things based on blockchain and federated learning
Published in Connection Science, 2023
Wenkang Liu, Yuxuan He, Xiaoliang Wang, Ziming Duan, Wei Liang, Yuzhen Liu
Blockchain (Zheng et al., 2018) is a key concept in Bitcoin, which is essentially a decentralised database and a network-sharing system characterised by disintermediation, transparency, and openness (Liang et al., 2022). Specifically, a blockchain is a distributed decentralised ledger in which blocks of data are sequentially linked in a chronological manner to form a chained data structure that is cryptographically guaranteed to be untamperable and unforgeable. Each block header contains the hash value of all transactions in the block, the current block root hash, the previous block root hash, and the timestamp, among other things. Blockchain is distributed, transparent, secure, suitable for records management, and has been widely used in cognitive computing (Fu et al., 2022). In the blockchain system, point-to-point transactions can be permanently and immutably recorded, while training tasks can be choreographed and model updates can be aggregated through the consensus algorithm (Bach et al., 2018). Not only that, but blockchain can also solve problems such as message leaks (Zheng et al., 2022). The blockchain can be divided into public blockchain, consortium blockchain, and private blockchain. The mainstream consortium blockchain projects include Hyperledger Fabric and FISCO BCOS.
Blockchain application in maritime supply chain: a systematic literature review and conceptual framework
Published in Maritime Policy & Management, 2023
Sanghoon Shin, Yingli Wang, Stephen Pettit, Wessam Abouarghoub
From the perspective of supply chain participants, a contract of shipment involves a wide range of parties in different transaction processes. The intervention of intermediaries and replicated administration processes complicates transactions and negatively affects trust between stakeholders (Li et al. 2018). BCT provides a platform to execute contracts in supply chain transactions. Smart contracts, which are established on a decentralised blockchain network, execute transaction protocols automatically with increased accuracy, security, and trust with resulting transparency, traceability, and efficiency (Koirala et al. 2019). Furthermore, BCT applies not only to documentation and transactions but also to the physical movement of cargo across the maritime supply chain. BCT plays a key role in connecting both the physical and information dimensions. It provides the functionality to store and distribute information generated from sensors and devices such as RFID on containers, on board vessels, and from terminal equipment (Ahmad et al. 2021). The data is linked to the smart contract contributing to maximising the efficiency of the supply chain and optimising the planning of cargo handling across the supply chain including the port terminal (Panayides and Song 2008).
AI and emerging technology adoption: a research agenda for operations management
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Viswanath Venkatesh, Raji Raman, Frederico Cruz-Jesus
As noted at the outset, blockchain is a distributed, decentralised ledger system to record transactions among multiple parties in a verifiable, tamperproof way. It can also be programmed to trigger transactions automatically. Integrating AI with blockchain enhances the impact of existing blockchain technology by increasing security, efficiency, privacy and better management. One example of a tool is Bext360, a software suite aimed at improving transparency and efficiency in coffee, timber, seafood and mineral industries. AI and blockchain together have the potential to be somewhat of an ideal combination, as blockchain generates a lot of shared data that needs to be effectively and efficiently processed, often in real-time. Although blockchain research has been mainly focused on bitcoin and smart contracts (Wamba and Queiroz 2020), studies regarding the interplay of blockchain and supply chain management are emerging showcasing promising results such as improved timeliness, increase of fulfilled orders and a significant reduction of operational costs (Cammarano et al. 2022; Tian et al. 2022).