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Published in Splinter Robert, Illustrated Encyclopedia of Applied and Engineering Physics, 2017
[computational, thermodynamics] Charge–space–time theorem. Invariance of the Lagrangian theory under standard “proper” Lorentz transformation, specifically pertaining to quantum field theory. Additionally the Lagrangian theory is invariant to time reversal (in either direction) (T), charge conjugation (C), and space inversion (P). In charge conjugation, all particles are transformed into their respective antiparticles. The independence to the space-time continuum requires the following condition to maintain invariance, ΛζϰΛζG=δϰG, yielding a Kronecker delta function for the matrix multiplication.
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Published in Carl W. Hall, Laws and Models, 2018
CONSERVATION OF STRANGENESS, LAW OF The strangeness number is a new quantum number which nuclear processes satisfy and which decay processes violate. "This law explains the inconsistency of long lifetimes and copious production in high energy collisions." Keywords: atomic, decay, nuclear, quantum Sources: Asimov, I. 1966 (III); Besancon, R. M. 1974; Considine, D. M. 1976; Parker, S. P. 1992. See also MESON CONSERVATION OF SYMMETRIES, LAW OF 1. Charge Conjugation Symmetry When the sign of a charge of a particle is changed the particle should be converted into its corresponding antiparticle. 2. Charge Conjugation and Parity (Charge Conjugation Parity) Where both hold (CP) particularly for strong and electromagnetic interactions. CP means that laws of physics are unchanged by combinations of operational charge conjugation and space inversion. 3. Time Reversal Events on an atomic or smaller particle scale should be exactly reversible, a symmetry generally regarded as invariant. Keywords: antiparticle, atomic, charge, electromagnetic, particle Sources: Besancon, R. M. 1974; Parker, S. P. 1983 (physics); Rigden, J. S. 1996. CONSERVATION, UNIVERSAL LAW OF (1842) Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it can change states. Joule, Kelvin, and Mayer shared in the development of this law. Keywords: creation, destroyed, energy, states JOULE, James Prescott, 1818-1889, English physicist KELVIN, William Thomson, 1824-1907, Scottish mathematician and physicist MAYER, Julius Robert von, 1814-1878, German philosopher Sources: Morris, C. 1992; Simpson, J. A. and Weiner, E. S. C. 1989. See also CONSERVATION CONSOLIDATION PROCESS OF CLAY, LAW OF--SEE SOIL SETTLEMENT; TERZAGHI CONSTANCY, LAW OF (PSYCHOLOGICAL) OR PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY All mental processes tend toward a state of equilibrium and the stability of the inorganic state, based on a suggestion by S. Freud. Keywords: equilibrium, mental, stability FREUD, Sigmund, 1856-1939, Austrian doctor (neurologist) Source: Goldenson, R. M. 1984.
Relativistic exact two-component coupled-cluster calculations of electronic g-factors for heavy-atom-containing molecules pertinent to search of new physics
Published in Molecular Physics, 2023
Precision measurement of heavy-atom-containing small molecules is a promising approach to search for fundamental physics beyond the standard model (BSM) [1–6]. An important line of research here is to search for electron electric dipole moment (eEDM) originating from charge-conjugation and parity symmetry violation through precision measurement of atoms and molecules. Molecular species containing a heavy atom with strong spin–orbit coupling and a light atom or a functional group with high electronegativity exhibit gigantic effective internal electric fields [7–22]. They thus feature high sensitivity in the eEDM measurement. Recent updates of the upper bound for the eEDM value have been obtained from precision spectroscopy of diatomic molecules [23–26]. Experimental measurements using YbF [7,23,27] and ThO [24,26,28–30] take advantage of the high density of neutral molecules in molecular beam experiments, while those using molecular ions such as HfF and ThF exploit long coherence time of ions within an ion trap [25,31–34]. Heavy-atom-containing linear triatomic molecules such as YbOH have also been proposed as promising candidates for the search of eEDM [35], in which the use of vibrational excited levels of the degenerate bending modes enables efficient polarisation of a molecule using applied external electric fields.
Frequency shift of an optical cavity mode due to a single-atom motion
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2019
Mojtaba Moazzezi, Yuri V. Rostovtsev
Nowadays, single-atom detection is at the forefront of active research (1, 2). There exists an extreme demand for detection of single atoms with high resolution and high efficiency in applications to the quantum information processing (3–6) as well as to study fundamental physics (7–9). Continuous monitoring of atomic motion in an optical cavity can be used as an ultra-sensitive force sensor (10) and utilized to study fundamental physics of magnetic (11), atomic (12), quantum (13, 14) and surface phenomena (15, 16). Recent development, in producing cold antimatter (17, 18) has opened a new promising era to manipulate anti-matter in this regime. Continuous monitoring of anti-atoms by cavities provides the opportunity of having a sensitive force detector that can be used to do precision measurement comparison, and being used to test charge conjugation/parity/time reversal (CPT) theorem and study the gravitational behaviour of antimatter.