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Nuclear and Hydropower
Published in Roy L. Nersesian, Energy Economics, 2016
Avogadro’s number 6.02 × 1023 is the number of atoms in a mole of an element where a mole is the atomic weight of an element in grams. For cesium 137 isotope, the atomic weight is 132.9 grams (Website www.webqc.org/molecular-weight-of-Cs137.html). How many atoms is in one gram of cesium 137? Cesium 137 has a half-life of 30.2 years. What would the weight of cesium 137 be after 30.2 years? What would the radiation be in becquerel (one becquerel is defined as one atomic decay per second) over this period? This is average radiation; actual radiation would be higher at the start of the half-life than at the end when there are fewer atoms to decay. Starting with x being the initial radiation and x/2 being end radiation with the derived radiation as the average, what was radiation in becquerel at the start and end of the half-life? From this exercise, one can also see that the shorter the half-life, the higher the radiation. Damage in Sieverts is dependent on both radiation strength in becquerel and the type of radiation.
Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
Published in Phil Hughes, Ed Ferrett, Introduction to Health and Safety in Construction, 2015
The two most common measures of radiation are the becquerel (Bq), which measures the activity of a radioactive substance per second, and the sievert (Sv), which measures the biological effects of the radiation – normally measured in millisieverts (mSv).
Environmental and health-related building problems
Published in Duncan Marshall, Derek Worthing, Roger Heath, Nigel Dann, Understanding Housing Defects, 2013
Duncan Marshall, Derek Worthing, Roger Heath, Nigel Dann
The concentration, or activity, of radon in the atmosphere is measured in becquerels (Bq) in each cubic metre of air. The becquerel is the unit of radioactive intensity. Most homes in the UK have a fairly low radon level with an average of 20 becquerels per cubic metre (Bq m−3). The PHE recommendation is that, where the indoor radon level is at or above an Action Level (AL) of 200 Bq m−3, it should be reduced.
Preliminary Results of Neutron Transport in Blanket Module by MCNP with Profile Analysis Using Imaging Plate
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2019
Yasuyuki Ogino, Keisuke Mukai, Juro Yagi, Satoshi Konishi
First, foils and wires were irradiated by the D-D fusion device, and then materials were activated. After the irradiation, materials were put on the IP, and the IP was exposed to beta rays and gamma rays emitted from them. To avoid fading the data in an IP by visible light,12 the exposure was performed in a dark room immediately. The data in the IP were read out by a Storm 820 phosphor imager from Molecular Dynamics, which scanned an IP of 200 × 200-μm pixel resolution. After the read-out, the digital image was obtained, which included the data of PSL. The net PSL (PSL/entimeters squared) was converted into the total number of decay (Becquerel multiplied by second) of beta rays and gamma rays. Finally, the total number of decay was used for the comparison of the experimental and computed results.
Radiation knowledge and willingness to buy bottled water from regions near the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
Published in Water International, 2020
To address this issue, this study has two objectives. The first objective is to identify factors affecting consumer WTB drinking water from regions near the Fukushima Daiichi. We investigate this question by using a consumer survey to identify consumer perceptions of bottled water produced in these regions. The WTB used in our study is the same concept as the conventional willingness to accept (WTA), but we did not ask the actual price that the consumer was willing to pay and instead asked about the discount rate at which the consumer would buy. We chose this approach because previous studies have shown that consumers tend to avoid buying food from regions near the Fukushima Daiichi even if it is offered at less than half the price of food from other regions (Aruga and Wakamatsu, 2018; Aruga, 2017b).1 The second objective of this study is to examine how differences in the types of radiation knowledge affect consumer WTB bottled water from regions near the Fukushima Daiichi. For this purpose, we compare the gap in WTB among consumers with different types of radiation knowledge. We investigate how five different types of radiation knowledge influence consumer WTB bottled water from these regions. The types of knowledge investigated in this study are radiation rays, radioactive decay, the difference between Sievert (Sv) and Becquerel (Bq), natural radiation, and the effects of radiation on the human body. These types of radiation knowledge are chosen based on a booklet distributed by the Japanese government (CAA, 2013), which provides information about the risk of food and beverage contaminated with radioactive materials.