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Statistical and Graphical Foundation
Published in Terry A. Slocum, Robert B. McMaster, Fritz C. Kessler, Hugh H. Howard, Thematic Cartography and Geovisualization, 2022
Terry A. Slocum, Robert B. McMaster, Fritz C. Kessler, Hugh H. Howard
Measures of central tendency are used to indicate a value around which the data are most likely concentrated. Three measures of central tendency are commonly recognized: mode, median, and mean. The mode is the most frequently occurring value and is thus generally useful for only nominal data, such as on a land use/land cover map. The median is the middle value in an ordered set of data or, alternatively, the 50th percentile because 50 percent of the data are below it. For the murder rate data, the median is 9.7. Note its location in Figure 3.1B. The mean is often referred to as the “average” of the data and is calculated by summing all values and dividing by the number of values. Separate formulas are used to distinguish mean values for the sample and population, as follows:4Sample:X¯=∑i=1nXinPopulation:μ=∑i=1NXiN,
Continuous Improvement Toolkit
Published in Tina Kanti Agustiady, Elizabeth A. Cudney, Building a Sustainable Lean Culture, 2023
Tina Kanti Agustiady, Elizabeth A. Cudney
An average, central tendency of a data set is a measure of the “middle” or “expected” value of the data set. Many different descriptive statistics can be chosen as measurements of the central tendency of the data items. These include the arithmetic mean, the median, and the mode. Other statistical measures such as the standard deviation and the range are called measures of spread of data. An average is a single value meant to represent a list of values. The most common measure is the arithmetic mean, but there are many other measures of central tendency such as the median (used most often when the distribution of the values is skewed by small numbers with very high values).
Six Sigma for Sustainability
Published in Adedeji B. Badiru, Tina Agustiady, Sustainability, 2021
Adedeji B. Badiru, Tina Agustiady
An average, central tendency of a data set is a measure of the “middle” or “expected” value of the data set. Many different descriptive statistics can be chosen as measurements of the central tendency of the data items. These include the arithmetic mean, the median, and the mode. Other statistical measures such as the standard deviation and the range are called measures of spread of data. An average is a single value meant to represent a list of values. The most common measure is the arithmetic mean, but there are many other measures of central tendency such as the median (used most often when the distribution of the values is skewed by small numbers with very high values).
System of Information Systems to support learners (a case study at the University of Technology of Compiègne)
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2018
Standard deviation is a number used to tell how measurements for a group are spread out from the average (mean). A low standard deviation means that most of the numbers are very close to the average. A high standard deviation means that the numbers are spread out. In our case, the low standard deviation indicates that students have formed homogeneous opinions about the statements of the questionnaire and there is a high level of agreement among them, while the high standard deviation means that students have different opinion about the statements. We can note from Table 2 that students' scores tend to be around the neutral average with a standard deviation around 2.4. To get a more accurate response to our survey, we choose to select the responses of the users who used MEMORAeSoIS the most. There are 1904 resources that have been shared and indexed in MEMORAeSoIS during the autumn 2017 semester. We take the top five students who shared the most and used the platform more than the others. The average and standard deviation for the top five users are shown in Table 3. It is clear that those users have positive and more homogeneous opinions about MEMORAeSoIS.
Effect of banana skin powder and coir fibre on properties and flexural behaviour of precast SCC beam
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Muhammad Tahir Lakhiar, Noridah Mohamad, Abdul Aziz Abdul Samad, Khairunisa Muthusamy, Md Azree Othuman Mydin, W. I. Goh, Steafenie George
The mechanical properties of the mixture were analysed in terms of its compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity (MOE). Table 7 presents the compressive strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity of all the SCC-BSP-CF mixtures from both trial mixture 1 and trial mixture 2. Each mechanical property recorded showed lower standard deviation (SD), which is between 0.27 and 1.1. Standard deviation is the number used to show how measurements for a group are spread out from the average. This confirmed that most of the recorded mechanical properties from the experiment were close to average and can be accepted.
Design life of rigid pavements under dynamic wheel loads
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2023
Kristina Bayraktarova, Lukas Eberhardsteiner, Claus Aichinger, Roland Spielhofer, Ronald Blab
The dynamic wheel load maxima per category were aggregated using the median. The median was preferred to the average due to its robustness against outliers. Other quantiles are theoretically possible, but since the basis is sectional maxima, this type of averaging seems reasonable. In a further step the was chosen as an indicator suitable for assessment of the road distress due to unevenness, as is sensitive to single obstacles, that are the main cause of increased dynamic wheel loads (see Ueckermann & Steinauer, 2008)