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Nonlinear Microwave Measurement and Characterization
Published in Mike Golio, Commercial Wireless Circuits and Components Handbook, 2018
Referring to Fig. 16.11, note that the output signal varies at a 1:1 slope on a log-log scale with the input signal, while the IMD products vary at a 3:1 slope. Though both the fundamental and the IMD products saturate at some output power level, if one were to extrapolate the level of each and find the intercept point, the corresponding output power level is called the third order intercept point (IP3). Thus, if the IP3 of a nonlinear circuit is known, the IMD level relative to the output signal level may be found from () IMDdBc=2(Pout,dBm−IP3,dBm).
Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
The spectrum of Figure 126.16 represents the nonlinear characteristics at a single power level. As power is increased and the device enters gain compression, however, harmonic power levels will grow more quickly than fundamental power levels. In general, the nth order harmonic power level will increase at n times the fundamental. This is illustrated in the Pout versus Pin plot of Figure 126.17 where both the fundamental and the third order product are plotted. As in the case of the fundamental power, thirdorder IMD levels will compress at higher power levels. Intermodulation distortion is often characterized and specified in terms of the third-order intercept point, IP3. This point is the power level where the slope of the small signal gain and the slope of the low-power-level, third-order product characteristics cross as shown in Figure 126.17.
High linear low voltage CMOS power amplifier for 2.4 GHz applications
Published in International Journal of Electronics Letters, 2023
S Manjula, P Anandan, M Suganthy
Power amplifier (PA) is the critical and most challenging block in the transmitter. The linearity is one of the key features of the PA performances (Huang et al., 2006). The linearity of the PA can be represented by the 1-dB gain compression point (P1dB), the amplitude-to-amplitude distortion (AM-AM), the amplitude-to-phase distortion (AM-PM), the third-order intercept point (IP3), the error vector magnitude (EVM) and the adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR). The distortions of the PA can be mainly caused by (1) clipping at the large AC signal swings and (2) disrupting by the nonlinear transconductance at small AC signal swings. The efficiency and the linearity are in trade-off for the linear PA operation.
Ultra-Low Power 0.55 mW 2.4 GHz CMOS Low-Noise Amplifier for Wireless Sensor Network
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Sohiful Anuar Zainol Murad, Anishaziela Azizan, Rohana Sapawi, Tun Zainal Azni Zulkifli
The third-order intercept point (IIP3) is the interception of the first-order and the third-order intermodulation output curve. The IIP3 of the proposed LNA at 2.4 GHz is shown in Figure 5. The IIP3 is measured using two-tone tests with 100 MHz separation. As can be seen in Figure 5, the IIP3 for the proposed two-stage LNA of −3 dBm is achieved.