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Machine Ethics: Creating an Ethical Intelligent Agent
Published in Wendell Wallach, Peter Asaro, Machine Ethics and Robot Ethics, 2020
Michael Anderson, Susan Leigh Anderson
Machines are currently in use that face this dilemma.3 The state of the art in these reminder systems entails providing “context-awareness” (that is, a characterization of the current situation of a person) to make reminders more efficient and natural. Unfortunately, this awareness does not include consideration of ethical duties that such a system should adhere to when interacting with its patient. In an ethically sensitive elder-care system, both the timing of reminders and responses to a patient’s disregard of them should be tied to the duties involved. The system should challenge patient autonomy only when necessary, as well as minimize harm and loss of benefit to the patient. The principle discovered from the original dilemma can be used to achieve these goals by directing the system to remind the patient only at ethically justifiable times and notifying the overseer only when the harm or loss of benefit reaches a critical level.
Forms of computer assistance
Published in V. David Hopkin, Human Factors in Air Traffic Control, 2017
Computer assistance in these forms aids human memory. In principle it is prudent and productive never to rely exclusively on unsupported human memory unless there is no choice. To employ computer assistance in support of human memory therefore seems an attractive application of it, to counter a known source of human fallibility and support a known human limitation. The most potent reminders are potentially distracting, and therefore all forms of computer assistance for this purpose have to strike the correct balance between reminding and interrupting. Sometimes they may have to become progressively more strident if they are ignored. To be helpful rather than irritating, prompts and reminders need to be appropriate. There should not be so many of them that controllers develop immunity to their signals or try to switch them off or disconnect them.
Remembering To Do Things Later and Resuming Interrupted Tasks: Prospective Memory and Patient Safety
Published in Rhona Flin, Lucy Mitchell, Safer Surgery, 2009
Peter Dieckmann, Marlene Dyrløv Madsen, Silke Reddersen, Marcus Rail, Theo Wehner
As opposed to the first example, the intention in this example (anaesthetist checking blood glucose) needs to be remembered by a single person, not a team. This has advantages and disadvantages. Research shows that asking other people to help remember might, at times, not be effective. One underlying mechanism might be the shared responsibility for forming and retaining the intention leads to lowered cognitive energy for all involved (Shaefer and Laing 2000). This example further involves a recurring time-based intention: the blood glucose needs to be checked at regular intervals. The anaesthetist relies on the alarm clock which acts as an external reminder. However, the effectiveness of this reminder might be compromised by the concurrent tasks during the operation – which might be even more obviously demanding (the negative effects of low blood glucose are not immediately obvious in anaesthetized patients). So, when the timer clock goes off and the anaesthetist is just performing another task, a new PM challenge is posed – the intended action is again interrupted or cannot even be started. The reminder does not have a memory for the execution of the task in the sense of the PM Phase 5, described above. Using such external reminders might have the drawback that their potential to help might not be usable in a specific moment and, in addition, using them requires resources in itself, thus adding to the complexity of the situation.
Persuasive strategy implementation choices and their effectiveness: towards personalised persuasive systems
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2022
Finally, for people at the Maintenance and Termination (M&T) stage of behaviour change, both IMPL-1 and IMPL-2 of the reminder strategy are significantly and similarly related to Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction: (IMPL-1: β = .31, p < .05; IMPL-2: β = .22, p < .05), (IMPL-1: β = .38, p < .05; IMPL-2: β = .31, p < .05), and (IMPL-1: β = .30, p < .05; IMPL-2: β = .30, p < .05) respectively. These results suggest that both implementations of reminder strategy are equally effective for increasing relevance, increasing people’s confidence, and increasing satisfaction. However, reminder is not significantly associated with Attention irrespective of the implementation choice. This means that neither of the implementations is suitable for attracting and sustaining attention of people at the M&T stage. Some of the participants have these to say: “Constant reminders are really useful as it forces you to remember and log what you have done in that day and serves as a reminder of what the goal is.” [P87] – Relevance (IMPL-1). “I think with the reminders, I would be more likely to actually keep up with the self-reporting.” [P323]– Confidence (IMPL-1). “I like this because it’s hard to avoid and forces you to keep track of your smoking if you want to use your phone.” [P400] – Satisfaction (IMPL-2).
Design and field trial of EmotionFrame: exploring self-journaling experiences in homes for archiving personal feelings about daily events
Published in Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Sangsu Jang, Kyung-Ryong Lee, Geonil Goh, Dohee Kim, Gahui Yun, Nanum Kim, Byeol Kim Lux, Choong-Wan Woo, Hyungsook Kim, Young-Woo Park
Papachristos et al. (2020) examined the modality of physical objects’ notification, alerting users so as to reduce user disruption and stress in the home environment. It has been shown that the proper degree of system intervention is important to consider (e.g., notification) within the home environment for prompting self-journaling in less stressful and disturbing ways. Thus, we considered using gentler methods of notification to draw users’ attention by providing self-journaling reminders in less disruptive ways. We explored the various reminding methods, and Figure 3 (left) includes some of our previous concepts in the early design stage. It included the shelf-frame form, which provides reminders through the candle’s scent on the shelf, interacting with virtual pets to remind by means of emotional attachment, and subtle changes through an animated element in pictures (Figure 4). From these alternatives, we selected animated picture changes and created scenes for their seamless movements. We also investigated what other options might be suitable to provide reminders through a frame-form and decided to utilize the physical shape change (used for showing mic-camera) which has the potential to give a low-stress index (Papachristos et al., 2020) and naturally trigger users to interact with the device (Mols et al., 2020). Lastly, we added ambient light on the back of the device and sound playing the movement of an element in the picture going through several variations considering harmony with the device and whether these can be reminders for the home environment. In sum, we programmed those reminders to be provided based on users’ settings (e.g., number of daily record goals, and start and end times to receive reminders).
Scaffolding the Mastery of Healthy Behaviors with Fittle+ Systems: Evidence-Based Interventions and Theory
Published in Human–Computer Interaction, 2021
Peter Pirolli, G. Michael Youngblood, Honglu Du, Artie Konrad, Les Nelson, Aaron Springer
Figure 13 shows the predicted effects of the Pirolli et al. reminding schedules on the base-level activation of implementation intentions. Each peak in Figure 13 corresponds to a day on which a reminder was presented. Reminders are predicted to boost up the base-level activation of participants’ implementation intentions but the activation decays without further practice, and distributed presentations of reminders are forgotten less quickly. Manipulation of the declarative memory activation of implementation intentions was expected to affect the goal-striving phase of habit formation.