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Python and Arduino with Pyfirmata
Published in Rajesh Singh, Anita Gehlot, Lovi Raj Gupta, Bhupendra Singh, Mahendra Swain, Internet of Things with Raspberry Pi and Arduino, 2019
Anita Gehlot, Rajesh Singh, Lovi Raj Gupta, Bhupendra Singh, Mahendra Swain
The objective is to read the digital pins of Arduino on a Raspberry Pi by Python. Pyfirmata is used to read a digital input on Arduino. The components required for the recipe are Arduino Uno, 1 kΩ resistor, and a push switch or button (as digital sensor). A switch can be connected in two arrangements: pull down and pull up. The output of a digital pin of Arduino is normally “LOW,” and digital sensors are available in two configurations for output: active “LOW” and active “HIGH.” The pull-down arrangement is used where digital pin is normally “LOW,” and on reading the sensor it gets “HIGH.” This is used for the sensor that has the output as active “HIGH” on occurrence of an event; otherwise, the output is “LOW.” The pull-up arrangement is for the sensor that has a normal output as active “HIGH,” and on occurrence of an event it gets “LOW.” In this arrangement, the digital pin needs to be activated as “HIGH” in the program so that it can read the sensor. Figure 7.2 shows circuit diagram for pull down, and Figure 7.3 shows circuit diagram for pull up.
Measurement of Brain Activity Using Optical and Electrical Methods
Published in Yunhui Liu, Dong Sun, Biologically Inspired, 2017
Atsushi Saito, Alexsandr Ianov, Yoshiyuki Sankai
The purpose of this experiment was to control the upper limb assistive device, a part of the robot suit HAL, by using brain activity signals measured by the hybrid sensors. Figure 10.5 shows the experimental system setup for the assistive device control experiment. In this experiment, two hybrid sensor probes and a reference electrode were also used. The connection of the sensors, the board, and the PC were the same as in the last experiment. The board was connected to the upper limb assistive device through the digital I/O ports. A push switch was also connected to the board through a digital I/O port.
Mixer sub-systems
Published in Douglas Self, Small Signal Audio Design, 2014
Figure 22.17 a shows the conventional routing system as commonly used up until about 1980. There are two problems with this method. Firstly, the capacitance between the switch contacts when they are open is significant, and this severely limits the crosstalk performance of the console. To get a feel for the problem, look at Figure 22.18 which shows the crosstalk performance of an ALPS SPUN two-changeover switch working into a mix bus with a 10 kΩ feedback resistor in the summing stage. This is a conventional push-switch with two parallel sections.
Calibration of Residual Current Device (RCD) Testers
Published in NCSLI Measure, 2018
In the AC trip current measurement, an overshoot (reference Figure 7) is usually observed. Experimental evaluation of this overshoot was performed. A digital oscilloscope was used to check the output of several RCD testers, and no overshoot was observed from the testers. Then, a stable DC source with a manual push switch was used as an alternate source to mimic the RCD tester. Similarly, no overshoot was observed from the digital oscilloscope. The stable DC source was connected back to the digital multimeter with the analog mode of the ACDCV measurement function set. In this measurement mode, an overshoot was observed from both the automated program and from the front panel display of the digital multimeter. When the digital multimeter is switched to the direct sampling mode, no overshoot was observed. From the above tests, it was predicted that the overshoot indication was introduced from this particular analog mode of the ACDCV measurement function. Although an overshoot is existed, the accuracy of the indication in its steady state was checked and was found within the specifications.
Development of electronics-free force receptor for pneumatic actuators
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2022
Yoichi Masuda, Ryo Wakamoto, Masato Ishikawa
Next, we explain the principle of the device operation under the above conditions. Figure 2 shows the pneumatic schematic of the system. The air pressure inflates the regulating actuator if the device receives the air pressure from the air supply. Here, we define the pressure inside the regulating actuator as , and the actuator force is transmitted to the valve push switch. Initially , and since the valve is open to send air pressure, the regulating actuator inflates until the actuator force equals the threshold (). If the actuator force exceeds the threshold (if ), the air pressure inside the actuator continues to decrease until the actuator force equals the threshold (). This is because the valve closes, and the output port is released into the atmosphere. In contrast, if the actuator force transmitted to the valve falls below a certain threshold (if ), since the valve opens, the air pressure in the regulating actuator is restored until by the same mechanism described earlier. Consequently, the pressure inside regulating actuator satisfies the following equation: The force generated by the regulating actuator is balanced with the valve-specific threshold and regulated to satisfy Equation (1). As mentioned earlier, the pressure inside the robot actuator is regulated to satisfy Equation (1) because the regulating actuator is connected in parallel with the actuator of the robot.