Observables

Observables

An observable is a physical property or quantity of a system that can be measured and validated through experimentation. It includes properties such as temperature, frequency, light intensity, and speed, among others. In essence, an observable is any aspect of a physical system that can be observed and quantified.From: Information Photonics [2019], Industrial Process Sensors [2018], Introduction to Megavoltage X-Ray Dose Computation Algorithms [2019]

Deterministic Radiation Transport Methods

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Published in Jerry J. Battista, Introduction to Megavoltage X-Ray Dose Computation Algorithms, 2019

George Hajdok

An observable represents a physical quantity that can be calculated and validated through measurement. Within the context of radiation transport, the inner product concept can be used to calculate an observable O as follows: () O=〈f,φ〉=∭f(r→,Ω^,E)φ(r→,Ω^,E)dVdΩdE

A framework for a civil engineering systems BOK

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Journal Information

Published in Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 2020

David G. Carmichael

Outputs reflect the externally observable and measurable system behaviour (response, performance). For some purposes, information on the unobservable internal behaviour of a system is pertinent and this is captured in the form of state variables. For elementary systems, it may be that one or more of the external outputs is the same as one or more, respectively, of the internal states. Where multiple state variables are present, these form a (multidimensional) state space.

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Deterministic Radiation Transport Methods

A framework for a civil engineering systems BOK