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Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
D. Tomkinson and J. Horne, Mechatronics Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996. E. P. Popov, The Dynamics of Automatic Control Systems, Gostekhizdat, Moscow, 1956; AddisonWesley, Reading, MA, 1962. R. C. Dorf and R. H. Bishop, Modern Control Systems, 9 th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2000.J. C. Maxwell, “On governors,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 16,1868, in Selected Papers on Mathematical Trends in Control Theory, R. Bellman and R. Kalaba, Eds., Dover, New York, 1964, pp. 270-283.I. A. Vyshnegradskii, “On controllers of direct action,”Izv. SPB Tekhnotog. Inst., 1877. 15. H. W. Bode, “Feedback: the history of an idea,” in Selected Papers on Mathematical Trends in Control Theory, R. Bellman and R. Kalaba, Eds., Dover, New York, 1964, pp. 106-123.H.S. Black, “Inventing the negative feedback amplifier,” IEEE Spectrum, December 1977, pp. 55-60.J. E. Brittain, Turning Points in American Electrical History, IEEE Press, New York, 1977.
Alternative Designs and Inventions
Published in William H. Middendorf, Richard H. Engelmann, Design of Devices and Systems, 2017
William H. Middendorf, Richard H. Engelmann
Another landmark invention was that of the negative-feedback amplifier, invented by Harold S. Black on August 6, 1927. Black began work with Bell Laboratories in 1921, immediately after graduating with a BSEE degree. He was not the typical employee. To learn about the company and the telephone business, he began coming in on Sundays to read through a collection of important memoranda the company kept on file. The file began with 1898; by the time he reached the 1921 file he knew the technical problems facing the company. An immediate problem was to reduce distortion in push-pull vacuum-tube amplifiers carrying three channels over 1,000-mile lines. However, Black’s studies had convinced him that telephone traffic would grow so rapidly that amplifiers handling 3,000 channels over 4,000 miles would soon be necessary, and the requirements for such amplifiers were far beyond the state of the art.
Point-of-Care Testing Platform with Nanogap-Embedded Field-Effect Transistors
Published in Laurent A. Francis, Krzysztof Iniewski, Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and Their Applications, 2017
The readout circuitry was designed for the concurrent readout of drain-to-source current signals in the nanogap-DGFET arrays, as represented schematically in Figure 18.8 [14]. The main purpose of this circuit is to convert a current signal into a voltage signal using a current mirror and a charge integration capacitor. The input stage has a negative feedback amplifier to stably maintain the drain–source voltage of the nanogap-DGFET. This stabilization feedback loop is helpful in excluding the channel-length modulation arising from increased drain bias in the nanogap-DGFETs.
Development and Evaluation of a Faraday Cup Electrometer for Measuring and Sampling Atmospheric Ions and Charged Aerosols
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2015
Panich Intra, Nakorn Tippayawong
The schematic diagram of an electrometer circuit is shown in Figure 2. This circuit is a simple current-to-voltage converter, where the voltage drop caused by a current flowing through a resistor is measured. A negative feedback amplifier was used in this study. In this setup, the input current, Ii, flows through the feedback resistor, Rf, The low offset current of the amplifier changes the current by a negligible amount. Therefore, the amplifier output voltage, Vo, can be calculated as follows:
Stability analysis and stabilisation of an amplifier with non-linearity compensation
Published in International Journal of Electronics Letters, 2018
Consider the negative feedback amplifier shown in Figure 1. If the amplifier is assumed ideal in all respects, the input impedance Zi = ∞, the output impedance Zo = 0, the open-loop gain A = ∞ and the input current ii = 0. Then, the closed-loop gain, G, can be written as: