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Toward Printable Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies for Cell Analytics
Published in Krzysztof Iniewski, Biological and Medical Sensor Technologies, 2017
Martin Brischwein, Giuseppe Scarpa, Helmut Grothe, Bernhard Wolf, Stefan Thalhammer
Several groups have recently reported on the development of nanofluidic systems to mechanically manipulate and isolate single cells or small groups of cells in microscale tubing and culture systems. The Quake Group used multilayer soft lithography, a technology to create stacked 2-D microscale channel networks from elastomers to fabricate integrated PDMS-based devices for programmable cell–based assays [49]. They applied the microdevice for the isolation of single Escherichia coli bacteria in subnanoliter chambers and assayed them for cytochrome c peroxidase activity. Khademhosseini et al. reported on the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based microwells within microchannels to dock small groups of cell in predefined locations. The cells remained viable in the array format and were stained for cell surface receptors by sequential flow of antibodies and secondary fluorescent probes [50]. Trapping of cells using biomolecules in nanofluidic systems has been demonstrated using antibodies and proteins with high affinity to the target cell (for review, see Refs. [51,52]). Chang et al. used square silicon micropillars in a channel coated with the target protein, an E-selectin-IgC chimera, to mimic the rolling and tethering behavior of leukocyte recruitment to blood vessel walls [53]. Using electric fields to both induce flow and separate molecules is widely adapted to microscale devices to separate nucleic acids and proteins [54,55]. For cell-capture dielectrophoresis has been adapted to microscale devices, in which a nonuniform alternating current is applied to separate cells on the basis of their polarizability [56].
The Use of Microfluidic Technology in Mechanobiology Research
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
Brittany McGowan, Sachin Jambovane, Jong Wook Hong, Jiro Nagatomi
An advanced form of soft lithography known as multilayer soft lithography is a technique to combine multiple layers of patterned structures together by varying the relative composition of a two-component silicone rubber from one layer to another [23]. This process allows multilayered microfluidic devices (up to seven patterned layers, each approximately 40 μm in thickness in the most current study) to be fabricated more easily than conventional silicon-based microfabrication. Another advantage of this technique is that because the layered device is monolithic (same material for all of the layers) interlayer adhesion failures and thermal stress problems are avoided [23].
System Integration in Microfluidics
Published in Sushanta K. Mitra, Suman Chakraborty, Fabrication, Implementation, and Applications, 2016
Morteza Ahmadi, John T.W. Yeow, Mehdi Shahini
Zare’s laboratory has developed a single-cell analysis chip (Huang et al., 2007), which is able to manipulate, lyse, label, separate, and quantify the protein content of a single cell using single-molecule fluorescence counting. The single cell is captured and lysed, and the lysate is chemically separated and analyzed. This provides a tool to understand the functioning of cells. The device is fabricated using multilayer soft lithography techniques, and the main material used in it is PDMS (Wheeler et al., 2003).
An Integrated Co-Design of Flow-Based Biochips Considering Flow-Control Design Issues and Objectives
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Piyali Datta, Arpan Chakraborty, Rajat Kumar Pal
Over the past decade, flow-based microfluidic biochips have seen a massive advancement in automating the traditional laboratory tasks in biology and biochemistry. Its fundamental importance is diminution of experimental cost by reducing expensive samples/reagents to nanoliter volume, reduction in labor cost integrating automatic control logic, enhancement in the accuracy of biochemical experiments, and improvement of device portability. Flow-based microfluidic biochips utilize micro-scale channels designed and fabricated using the multilayer soft lithography technology to maneuver the fluids in a controlled manner [1]. The functional components of these devices are made up of elastomer material polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [1,2]. On top of the glass substrate, there are two PDMS layers: (a) flow layer containing flow channels for fluid transportation [1,2] and (b) control layer comprising control channels to control the fluid flow [3,4]. The valves are controlled by external pressure injected through the control port (control pin) [5–7]. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the flow layer and control layer. After modeling the input bioassay as a sequence graph, flow-layer design performs resource binding by selecting specific devices to perform fluidic operations, task scheduling, placement of the designated devices through valve allocation on the working chip and fluid routing among the devices [1,2].