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Parallel Architectures
Published in Pranabananda Chakraborty, Computer Organisation and Architecture, 2020
Individual clusters may, however, be interconnected once again to form a larger system (cluster of clusters). In fact, the internet itself can be used as a computing cluster. The proliferation of wide-area networks of computer resources for high performance computing has eventually led to the emergence of a new field called Metacomputing. Any discussions over metacomputing, however, at present is outside the scope of this book. Interested readers are hereby referred to consult (Baker, M.).
Distributed behavior model orchestration in cognitive internet of things solution
Published in Enterprise Information Systems, 2018
Chung-Sheng Li, Frederica Darema, Victor Chang
Fog computing seeks to provide superior user experience and overall system redundancy in case of failure. It emphasizes the notions of information processing to generate the knowledge nearer the entity that needs it, regardless whether the entity is a human or an engineered device (or collections thereof). A CIoT solution, when either latency or throughput is critical (as indicated in the upper left, upper right, and lower right quadrants of Figure 7), could substantially benefit from exploiting fog computing concepts. It should be noted however that while the term fog computing concept was introduced in 2012, the concepts of distributed computing and distributed resource management – across a range of platforms, including computing at the edges (e.g. mobile devices, personal portable devices, sensors, etc) were ideas articulated many years before that (Darema 1998, 2005a, 2005b), and will be discussed more in the next section. Also, to note that in the mid- to late-90s, Grid computing concepts (Foster and Kesselma 1999) provided the impetus for moving from client-server computing to more general distributed computing (or metacomputing – a term coined in 1987 by Larry Smarr [Smarr 1987]). Grid computing emphasized the coordination of multiple distributed computation, storage and communication resources. It has successfully demonstrated interoperability across multiple computational platforms used to support the runtime of a given application, as well as multiple applications executing concurrently. It should also be noted that the notion of virtualization, emphasized in cloud computing, was never precluded in the Grid concept. And, cloud computing has evolved over the years from a homogeneous centralized services concept to a more (geographically and otherwise) distributed and heterogeneous collections of platforms, with concomitant challenges of interoperability as were present in Grid computing. It is likely that Fog computing (or edge computing) may also evolve towards a hybrid and heterogeneous environment similar to cloud computing.