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Input–Output Organisation
Published in Pranabananda Chakraborty, Computer Organisation and Architecture, 2020
Link layer defines and describes the transmission of data in the form of packets using asynchronous and isochronousmodes. In the event of asynchronous, a variable amount of data and data of several bytes related to the transmission layer (to be discussed next) is transferred as a packet to an explicit address, and a related acknowledgement is returned. In case of isochronous transmission, a variable amount of data is transferred in a sequence of fixed-size packets transmitted at regular intervals using simplified addressing with no need for acknowledgement. For devices that deal with data in a regular fashion, like digital audio/video, isochronous transmission is found very conducive, and ensures that data can be delivered within a specified time interval with a guaranteed data rate.
Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
Published in Joseph E. Fleckenstein, Three-Phase Electrical Power, 2017
The operation of a generator is controlled by an electronic governor that determines the speed and power output of the generator. Until a generator is connected to a grid, a generator is operated independently in what is called isochronous mode, that is, speed control. During warm-up, the speed of the generator is increased slowly as it approaches synchronous speed. If a generator is driven by a steam turbine that derives steam from a fossil-fired boiler, the speed of the steam turbine and the connected generator would be slowly brought up to speed over a period of many hours. The rapid loading and unloading of a boiler must be avoided to prevent thermal stresses that could damage boiler firewall tubes. Likewise, steam turbines must be heated and cooled at a slow rate due to the different rate of growth of the rotor with respect to the turbine casing.
Exceptions, interrupts, and input/output systems
Published in Joseph D. Dumas, Computer Architecture, 2016
Data transfers do not normally achieve the maximum possible speed based on the signaling rate because there is always some communications overhead, the amount and nature of which will depend on the type of transfer being done. There are three types of data transfers in a USB system; the type used by a particular device will depend on its characteristics. Interrupt transfers are typically used for human interface devices, such as keyboards and mice. These devices transfer only a small amount of data at a time (e.g., tracking information and button/key presses), but it is important for this information to be promptly brought to the attention of the host so the user interface can respond with minimum latency. Isochronous transfers are used for continuous, real-time streaming of data, such as audio or video over a USB connection. These data streams are guaranteed some fixed transfer bandwidth by the host, although this will not usually be the maximum supported bandwidth (as there will typically be other devices in the system that also need to transfer data); no error checking is performed on the data. Finally, devices such as printers, hard disks, and flash drives that transfer large amounts of data, but only sporadically (rather than continuously) usually make use of USB’s bulk data transfer mode. Bulk transfers are error-checked to ensure accuracy of data transmission and can use any or all of the total communications bandwidth that remains after isochronous and interrupt transfers are taken care of. However, neither the amount of bandwidth nor the latency of any particular bulk transfer can be guaranteed.
A review on some classes of algebraic systems
Published in International Journal of Control, 2020
Víctor Ayala, Heriberto Román-Flores
For a system , a set is said to be Isochronous if there exist T>0 such that for any two arbitrary elements there exits with and In this case, T is said to be an isochronal time to A. The system Σ is said to be controllable at uniform time if G is isochronous.
Calculation of the ideal isochronous field for the SC200 cyclotron using the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2020
Kai Zhou, Yun-Tao Song, Kai-Zhong Ding, Gen Chen, Galina Karamysheva
One of the factors that limit higher energy output in a classical cyclotron is the phase slip caused by the relativistic effect. In an isochronous cyclotron, the mean magnetic field (the azimuthally averaged component in the mid-plane) increases with the energy of the particles and maintains a constant orbital frequency to overcome the phase slip problem. The mean magnetic field that keeps the orbital frequency constant is called an ideal isochronous field.
Local Energy Supply Possibilities—Islanding Microgrid Case Study
Published in Energy Engineering, 2018
István Vokony, József Kiss, Csaba Farkas, László Prikler, Attila Talamon
As for frequency control, the primary controller must operate in isochronous mode. If there is more than one generation unit, it must also be determined how they participate in the regulation. According to IEEE [8], the so-called V/Hz ratio should also be monitored: this is provided for each device (transformer, motor etc.), and operating them over the given value causes losses or even damage due to heating.