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The evolution of future societies with unlimited energy supply?
Published in Kléber Ghimire, Future Courses of Human Societies, 2018
Various types of methods have been used for igniting the nuclear fusion; thermonuclear fusion (the matter is transformed in plasma and heated, and the fusion reaction may occur due to collisions with extreme thermal kinetic energies of the particles, the most famous project is the ITER4), inertial confinement fusion (a gas is heated and compressed, typically in the form of pellet), inertial electrostatic confinement (devices that use an electric field to heat ions to fusion conditions), beam-beam fusion (both nuclei are accelerated and collide with enormous kinetic energy to implement the fusion) and muon-catalyzed fusion (which was not successful because of the high energy required to create muons, and their short life). The nuclear fission and fusion methods to produce energy are quite appealing. In the case of nuclear fission, the initial enthusiasm to have found a long-lasting source of energy was soon cooled down by the side effect of the technology used to produce nuclear energy, and that managing the technical problems, raised from the utilization of nuclear fission reactor, such as safety and nuclear waste have proved consistently difficult. Will these problems be solved in the future?
Year-round-based optimization of high‐low control in the regenerative indirect evaporative cooler (RIEC)
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2019
Huaxia Yan, Yi Chen, Weilong Zhang
The last few decades have witnessed a rapid development and growing research attention related to IEC because of its energy-saving and environmentally friendly features. Most studies focused on modeling (Chen et al. 2016a; Cui et al. 2014; Jradi and Riffat 2014; Fiorentino and Starace 2016), performance analysis (Chen et al. 2016b; La et al. 2013; Gómez et al 2012) and optimization design (Yuan and Chen 2012; Anisimov et al. 2015; Chen et al. 2017) of the IEC. However, very limited controller development of the IEC is available in the open literature. An on–off control strategy is identified as a simple and reliable engineering solution in IEC product (Xuan et al. 2012). Constant-speed fans are installed in an IEC, and can be intermittently switched between on and off states. Fans are switched off if indoor temperature reaches a lower preset temperature limit and switch on when it exceeds an upper limit.
Improvement of the Neutron Production Rate of IEC Fusion Device by the Fusion Reaction on the Inner Surface of the IEC Chamber
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2019
Mahmoud Bakr, Kai Masuda, Masaya Yoshida
To interpret these results, we will start by discussing the target density approach. This method is focused on the parameters affecting the NPRs generated from the IEC device. The total fusion rate from the IEC device mainly depends on the collisions between energetic ions and target atoms, as the contribution of the ion-ion fusion is negligibly small.4 The target could be free atoms within the system volume (background gas) or bounded in the electrode’s surfaces through the ads/emb processes. The contribution of the free and bounded target atoms in the total fusion rate depends on IEC operating conditions such as the cathode voltage, current, temperature, gas pressure, and electrode material.