China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
Published in Jerry D. Gibson, The Communications Handbook, 2018
With digital multiplexing, each baseband analog voice signal is converted to digital using a sampling rate of 8000 samples/s with 8-b nonlinear quantization for an overall bit rate of 64,000 b/s. A hierarchy of digital multiplexing has evolved with 24 digital telephone signals forming a DS1 signal requiring 1.544 Mb/s, 4 DS 1 signals forming a DS2 signal, 7 DS2 signals forming a DS3 signal, 6 DS3 signals forming a DS4 signal. A single digital telephone signal at 64 kb/s is called a DS0 signal. A DS4 signal multiplexes 4032 DS0 signals and requires an overall bit rate of about 274 Mb/s.
Optical-Fibre Communications
Published in Abdul Al-Azzawi, Fibre Optics, 2017
Table 12.5 shows parts of the optical signal and carrier designations, as well as the complete digital signal and carrier designations that are used in North America. The T designation refers to the bit rate and the copper-transmission system, and the DS designation refers to the bit format and framing. However, often the terms are used interchangeably. A single 64 kbps channel is called a DS0. The T1 rate of 1.544 Mbps for 24 channels of 64 kbps each is referred to as a DS1. The T3 rate of 44.736 Mbps for 28 T1s is referred to as a DS3.
Optical Fibre Communications
Published in Abdul Al-Azzawi, Photonics, 2017
Table 33.5 shows parts of the optical signal and carrier designations, as well as the complete digital signal and carrier designations which are used in North America. The T designation refers to the bit rate and the copper transmission system, and the DS designation refers to the bit format and framing. However, often the terms are used interchangeably. A single 64 kbps channel is called a DS0. The T1 rate of 1.544 Mbps for 24 channels of 64 kbps each is referred to as a DS1. The T3 rate of 44.736 Mbps for 28 T1s is referred to as a DS3.
Functions and performance of sensors for slope monitoring in opencast coal mines – laboratory experimentation
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Sathish Kumar Mittapally, Ram Chandar Karra
The vibration sensor circuit is similar to the soil moisture sensor except for the SIG output pin, connected to the microcontroller D0 pin, which reads digital signals (Figure 5). In this sensor, a freely suspended magnet wiggles while vibration occurs and alters the flux in the coil wound around it. In response to variations in flux, the coil reverts to the digital signal ‘1’. In the Arduino IDE programming language, the digital signal ‘1’ is denoted as ‘HIGH’ and the digital signal ‘0’ as ‘LOW.’ The digital signal stays ‘HIGH’ until the magnet returns to normal.