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Miscellaneous Mechanical Control Systems
Published in William S. Levine, Control System Applications, 2018
Brian Armstrong, Carlos Canudas de Wit, Jacob Tal, Thomas R. Kurfess, Hodge Jenkins, Maarten Steinbuch, Gerrit Schootstra, Okko H. Bosgra
A compact disc (CD) player is an optical decoding device that reproduces high-quality audio from a digitally coded signal recorded as a spiral-shaped track on a reflective disc [2]. Apart from the audio application, other optical data systems (CD- ROM, optical data drive) and combined audio/video applications (CD-interactive, CD-video) have emerged. An important research area for these applications is the possibility of increasing the rotational frequency of the disc to obtain faster data readout and shorter access time. For higher rotational speeds, however, a higher servo bandwidth is required that approaches the resonance frequencies of bending and torsional modes of the CD mechanism. Moreover, the system behavior varies from player to player because of manufacturing tolerances of CD players in mass production, which explains the need for robustness of the controller.
Enterprise Network
Published in Vivek Kale, Agile Network Businesses, 2017
On the technical side, the next question to ask would be how complements are produced. In order to produce complementary products, they must be compatible. The CD album must have the same specification as CD players, otherwise it can’t be played. A parallel port at the back of each computer must generate the same output voltage as the voltage required for inputting data into a printer attached to this port. Trains must fit on the tracks, and software must be workable with a given operating system (OS). This means that complementary products must operate on the same standard. This creates the problem of coordination as to how firms agree on the standards. The very fact that coordination is needed has the potential to create some antitrust problems; in some cases, firms may need to coordinate their decisions, and while doing that, they may find themselves engaging in price fixing.
Radio Studios
Published in Skip Pizzi, Graham A. Jones, A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers, 2014
A CD is also durable because it is not subject to any wear and tear during the playback process (unlike vinyl records and magnetic tape, which require physical contact with equipment during each playback). A CD player reads information by shining a light (actually a laser) onto the disc and analyzing the reflections of this light that are caused by the pits recorded on it. Because there is no mechanical contact between the laser and the disc, there is no ongoing wear and tear.
Model order reduction based on low-rank decomposition of the cross Gramian
Published in International Journal of Control, 2023
Qiu-Yan Song, Xin Du, Zhi-Hua Xiao
This example is a model of compact disc (CD) player (Steinbuch et al., 1992). The model describes the dynamics between the lens actuator and the radial arm position of a portable CD player. This square system has 120 states with two inputs and two outputs Numerical results show that A is stable and .