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Design of Optical Components
Published in Christoph Gerhard, Optics Manufacturing, 2018
After the correction of chromatic aberration for two wavelengths, a residual chromatic error, the so-called secondary spectrum, remains. This secondary spectrum is given by the chromatic aberration of the corrected wavelengths with respect to the center wavelength, which is used for the specification of the nominal focal length. The underlying reason for the formation of secondary spectra is the difference in bending of the dispersion curves of the used crown and flint glasses as expressed by the partial dispersion (see Section 3.2.3.2.4). The secondary spectrum becomes minimal, if the bending of the particular dispersion curves of both glasses is identical, which is not possible when using standard glasses. For the correction of this residual chromatic aberration, complex systems such as apochromatic lenses, consisting of at least three lenses, or the use of optical media with abnormal dispersion characteristics are required.
Opto-Mechanical Characteristics of Materials
Published in Paul Yoder, Daniel Vukobratovich, Opto-Mechanical Systems Design, 2017
Figure 3.2a is an Abbe diagram (commonly known as a “glass map”) showing the large number of optical glasses produced by Schott prior in the year 2001. Each symbol represents a specific material type. Several other manufacturers produced essentially the same glasses. The glasses are plotted by refractive index (ordinate) and Abbe number (abscissa) for yellow (helium) light of wavelength 587.5618 nm. The symbols fall into basic groups (labeled) based on chemical constituents. Generally, these regions lie on a diagonal from lower left to upper right, indicating that practical glasses exist only near that diagonal. Abbe showed that glasses with “normal” dispersive properties lie along a straight line connecting the points nd = 1.511, vd = 60.5 and nd = 1.620, vd = 36.3. Glasses located off this line display more or less abnormal dispersions and are used to correct secondary spectrum, a form of chromatic aberration in refractive optical systems. A lens corrected (i.e., has the same focal length) for two wavelengths is called achromatic while one corrected also for secondary spectrum has the same focal length for three wavelengths and is called apochromatic.
Confocal Microscopy
Published in Guy Cox, Fundamentals of Fluorescence Imaging, 2019
Apochromat lenses are designed to bring three wavelengths to the same focus. Traditionally these were red, green, and blue, but with the wide range of lasers now available manufacturers are making tailored lenses for specific wavelengths—a popular choice is “violet corrected” apochromats to cope with the deep violet (∼405 nm) lasers now in common use, which are outside the range of conventional apochromats. Deep-red shifted versions are also now on the market. From the point of view of accurate wavelength correction they are the “gold standard,” but they do contain a lot of glass which reduces their transmission efficiency. They are also very expensive.
Development of nanoemulsion gel based formulation of terbinafine for the synergistic antifungal activity: Dermatokinetic experiment for investigation of epidermal terbinafine deposition enhancement
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Prabhu Raut, Shobhit Kumar, Babar Iqbal, Javed Ali, Sanjula Baboota
The depth of skin permeation of terbinafine hydrochloride from nanoemulsion and marketed cream was determined using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM 410 Invert based system, Zeiss, Heidelberg, Germany). CLSM was equipped with Plan-Apochromat (63/1.4) oil-immersion lens. Formulation loaded with Rhodamine B dye (0.5% w/w) was applied on the skin mounted onto franz diffusion cells (as per procedure described in Sect. 2.9) for 6 h (time interval of skin permeation study). After 6 h skin was removed from the diffusion cell and washed with ethanol to remove any traces of formulation adhering on the skin. The slides of skin were prepared and studied using CLSM to determine fluorescence of rhodamine (excitation wavelength of 520 nm) in the various layers of skin.[22]
Localization of full-length recombinant human proteoglycan-4 in commercial contact lenses using confocal microscopy
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Steven Cheung, Lakshman N. Subbaraman, William Ngo, Gregory D. Jay, Tannin A. Schmidt, Lyndon Jones
A CLSM Zeiss 510 equipped with an inverted motorized microscope Axiovert 200 M (Zeiss Inc. Toronto, Canada) was used to analyze the lens samples. An argon laser set at a wavelength of 488 nm (50% output and 5% laser transmission) and bandpass 475-525 nm emission filters were used to scan the central location of the sample to detect the FITC. The 40x water immersion C-Apochromat objective was used to scan the lenses and out-of-focus rays were filtered by setting the pinhole size to 1 Airy unit. Samples were analyzed using the z-stack function, where each panel represented 1 μm intervals, starting from the anterior surface and progressing towards the posterior surface of the lens. The ZEN software was used to process the panel of images for each lens type. Three replicates of each lens type were incubated in FITC-rhPRG4. A single CLSM scan through each lens was obtained and a representative image was selected. Lenses incubated in PBS were used as controls.
Determining intracellular lipid content of different oleaginous yeasts by one simple and accurate Nile Red fluorescent method
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
Cheng Zhao, Mu-Tan Luo, Chao Huang, Xue-Fang Chen, Lian Xiong, Hai-Long Li, Xin-De Chen
The three different oleaginous yeasts were incubated for 40 h and 108 h respectively to obtain various lipid content. After fermentation, the cells were collected by centrifugation and re-suspended by PBS to adjust OD600 = 1.0 using a UV/vis spectrophotometer. Then, the cell suspension was stained with Nile Red and incubated for 5 mins in the darkness. After that, 20 μL of cell suspension was taken out and put on the microscope slide before covering by the coverslip. Then, the glass slide was inverted on the objective table and observed under the inverted microscope (LSM700, AxioObserver, Zeiss Company, Germany) with 10× eye lens and 20× objective lens in dry immersion. The image was adjusted and moved to seek the optimal region (the cell numbers of T. dermatis, L. starkeyi, and C. albidus cell were 5.45 × 106, 9.73 × 106, and 7.73 × 106 N/mL, respectively in the suspension solvent). Then, the 63× objective lens (Plan-Apochromat NA = 1.4) was switched in oil immersion after the images were moved and adjusted by a regulator to obtain a horizon with yeast cells homogeneous distribution. The image of cells was observed and caught under the fluorescence field after the excitation laser was set at 488 nm. The scan mode was set as LineSequential fluorescence scanning and the frame size was 1132 × 1132 μm. Meanwhile, the image size was 101.5 × 101.5 μm, zoon = 1.0. The image was caught and processed by ZEN software (Zeiss Company, Germany).