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Internet of Things-Compliant Platforms for Inter-Networking Metamaterials
Published in Christos Liaskos, The Internet of Materials, 2020
OpenWSN is a project created at the University of California Berkeley and extended at the INRIA and at the Open University of Catalonia (UOC) which aims to build an open standards-based and open source implementation of a complete constrained network protocol stack for wireless sensor networks and Internet of Things. The root of OpenWSN is a deterministic MAC layer implementing the IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH based on the concept of Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH). Above the MAC layer, the Low Power Lossy Network stack is based on IETF standards including the IETF 6TiSCH management and adaptation layer (a minimal configuration profile, 6top protocol and different scheduling functions). The stack is complemented by an implementation of 6LoWPAN, RPL in non-storing mode, UDP and CoAP, enabling access to devices running the stack from the native IPv6 through open standards.
WirelessHART, The Leading Technology for Industrial Wireless Networked Control Systems
Published in Tran Duc Chung, Rosdiazli Ibrahim, Vijanth Sagayan Asirvadam, Nordin Saad, Sabo Miya Hassan, TM, 2017
Tran Duc Chung, Rosdiazli Ibrahim, Vijanth Sagayan Asirvadam, Nordin Saad, Sabo Miya Hassan
The Physical Layer was utilized by reusing the IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer in NS-2 [18]. The communication table in the Data Link Layer was based on IEEE 802.15.4e. The IEEE 802.15.4-2003 MAC protocol [18] was modified to support: time synchronization, channel hopping, slotted unicast communication, acknowledgment at link layer and link activation. The time synchronized mesh protocol (TSMP) developed by DustNetworks and time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) were employed in the simulator. TSMP is a media access and network protocol specifically designed for low power, low bandwidth communication that requires reliability while TSCH is a MAC scheme and a subset of TSMP [18]. To support application in industries, IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard was amended to introduce TSCH mode in IEEE 802.15.4e [18]. The Network Layer supports both graph routing and source routing. The Transport Layer supports transactions with both acknowledgment and without acknowledgment. Unacknowledged service is used for communication from sensor to Network Manager on best-effort basis, while acknowledged service is used for reliable communication from Network Manager to Actuator. Additionally the Transport Layer also supports a transaction involving multiple HART commands to support one-time reading (sending) several parameters from (to) a network device [18]. The Application Layer is Tcl command-based enabling interfacing between devices using commands to initialize simulation parameters, create node, and configure the simulator. It is noted that connection between Gateway and Access Point was assumed to be wireless [18], while in other simulators, the connection is assumed to be wired. However, the Access Point module ensures network scalability is supported.
A Novel Approach for Enhanced Network Formation in 6TiSCH-based IoT Low-Power and Lossy Networks
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Figure 1 shows the 6TiSCH core stack. This core stack consists of Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Constrained Join Protocol (CoJP), IPv6, Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) protocol, 6LoWPAN, 6TiSCH Operation Sub-layer (6top) protocol, and IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH protocol [2]. The CoAP follows a RESTful architecture that allows the IoT devices to interact with each other using the request-response method. The CoJP ensures secure device enrolment in the network by providing device authentication, key exchange, and credential provisioning mechanisms. The RPL establishes paths between network-associated nodes and the root node. The devices’ physical layer and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer use the IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH protocol that provides reliable and deterministic communication for the network. It uses the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mechanism. The 6top protocol schedules communication link slots between neighbouring nodes in the TSCH network. It coordinates the communication between the MAC and IPv6 layers to ensure data is transmitted reliably and efficiently.
On the Reliability of Industrial Internet of Things from Systematic Perspectives: Evaluation Approaches, Challenges, and Open Issues
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
Dong-Seong Kim, Tran-Dang Hoa, Huynh-The Thien
The channel hopping approach at the MAC layer enables nodes to communicate on multiple channels to avert temporary issues with any given channel in the ever-changing and harsh radio frequency (RF) environment of industrial context. There are several wireless networking standards that support channel redundancy known as Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH), including IEC62591 (WirelessHART) and the forthcoming IETF 6TiSCH standard [122–124]. In addition, TSCH provides even a higher level of reliability by blacklisting and removing some bad radio channels, which suffer from high external interference [125]. With such a method, the packet delivery ratio (PDR) can be up to 100% for short and strong communication links. In addition, a reliable emergency-aware communication scheme, REA-6TiSCH, was proposed to support real-time communications of emergency alarms such as aperiodic critical traffic in 6TiSCH networks [126].