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Resource Reservation Protocol and Traffic Engineering
Published in Nam-Kee Tan, MPLS for Metropolitan Area Networks, 2004
RSVP is a soft-state protocol that maintains state through the generation of refresh messages. Refresh messages are used to both synchronize state between RSVP neighbors and recover from lost RSVP messages. Put another way, the PATH and RESV messages must be periodically refreshed to maintain the LSP state in the LSRs along the path of an LSP tunnel. If refresh messages are not transmitted, the LSP state automatically times out and is eventually deleted. However, the use of refresh messages has resulted in two main concerns: Excessive overheads in terms of processing and memory incurred by LSRs running RSVP. The resource requirements increase proportionally with the number of RSVP sessions. Each session requires the generation, transmission, reception, and processing of RSVP PATH/RESV messages per refresh interval. The corresponding volume of refresh messages generated when supporting a large number of sessions poses a serious scaling problem.RSVP does not run over a reliable transport such as TCP. Hence, latency and reliability problems can occur when a nonrefresh RSVP message (PATHERR, RESVERR, PATHTEAR, RESVTEAR, or RESVCONF) is lost in transit. If the message is lost, the end-to-end latency of RSVP signaling is based on the refresh interval of the LSRs experiencing the loss. When end-to-end response time is limited by the refresh interval, the delay incurred in the establishment or the adjustment of a reservation can exceed the range of what is acceptable for certain applications.
Convergent Network Management and Control Plane
Published in Iannone Eugenio, Telecommunication Networks, 2017
RSVP-TE is a soft-state protocol. This means that it continuously sends messages refresh-ing timers associated with installed state. Originally designed for MPLS, the “softness” is somewhat reduced in GMPLS, however timers are still implemented.
Migration from an SQL to a hybrid SQL/NoSQL data model
Published in Journal of Management Analytics, 2020
Marina V. Sokolova, Francisco J. Gómez, Larisa N. Borisoglebskaya
Traditional databases fully support requirements for ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability) properties. In contrast, not all NoSQL databases do, or only support them partially (for example, Fuseki Apache supports write-ahead logging to provide atomicity and durability). NoSQL databases satisfy the weaker BASE (Basically Available, Soft state, Eventual consistency) model. There exist many applications of non-relative databases for DBMS, which aim to apply them to complex domains. This is the case of the paper published by Gundla and Chen (2016), where the authors present a comparison of two NoSQL databases (MongoDB and AllegroGraph). Experiments on running queries against these databases confirmed the authors' hypothesis that the search results were superior, as a traditional application database was unable to retrieve given terms.
Big Data technologies to process spatial and attribute data when designing and operating mine-engineering systems
Published in International Journal of Image and Data Fusion, 2019
Yuri A. Stepanov, Alexander V. Stepanov
Conventional DBMS is oriented to ACID requirements for transaction system: atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability, whereas NoSQL involves a set of BASE features instead of ACID ones. basic availability: it is guaranteed that each request is completed (successfully or unsuccessfully).soft state: state of a system may alter as time passes, even with no entering new data, to make data consistent.eventual consistency: data may be inconsistent sometimes; however, they become consistent in a while.
Compliant universal grippers as adaptive feet in legged robots
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2018
S. Hauser, M. Mutlu, P. Banzet, A.J. Ijspeert
The goal of this work is to understand how a change of foot stiffness can be used to improve the locomotion performance of legged robots, for which we abstract the mechanism and design and implement it in a quadruped robot. The abstraction aims at simplifying the mechanical construction as a replication of the complex anatomy would be too challenging. In this research, we use the jamming of granular media as the enabling technology as it offers the possibility of state-switching. Granular media behave fluid-like in open space and solid-like in confined (jammed) space [21], and this property has led to a number of applications (e.g. grippers [22], dampers [23] and actuators [24]). Further, it is worth mentioning that in [20] the unlocked configuration of the tarsal bones is described as ‘a loose bag of bones ’, unconsciously hinting at the idea to approximate the structure with macroscopic granules. The feasibility of such a foot design has already been investigated in [25], however without the state-switch of the granular media. Nevertheless, it has been shown that jamming membranes possess beneficial damping properties in their soft state and are able to apply sufficient propulsion forces in their jammed state. A more in-depth analysis of the effects of state-switching a jamming membrane on the ground reaction forces can be found in [26] where a jamming membrane drops onto a structured terrain in its soft state and upon impact rapidly (in approx. 60 ms) switches to its hard state. In comparison to a previously used rubber foot and a non-switching jamming membrane, the switching membrane inherits the beneficial damping properties of the soft state, which avoids bouncing and quickly creates an undisturbed ground contact. Further, it is able to transmit the locomotion forces immediately after the damping period by the rapid state-switch, resulting in the maximal shear force transmission in 30% of the time needed for the same force transmission with the rubber foot.