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Basic Session Initiation Protocol
Published in Radhika Ranjan Roy, Handbook on Session Initiation Protocol, 2018
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a signaling protocol to set up, modify, and tear down networked multimedia sessions consisting of audio, video, or data applications. The International Engineering Task Force’s (IETF) Request for Comment (RFC) 3261 is the first stable specification that defines SIP in a comprehensive manner. However, RFC 3261 obsoleted the initial SIP RFC 2543 soon after its publication. Eventually, many other RFCs have been published, extending the base capabilities of SIP described in RFC 3261 to meet the requirements of the complexities of net-work-based multimedia session ranging from point-to-point to multipoint calls, including media (audio, video, or data) bridging and feature-rich application sharing in real time. In fact, the enhancements are still going on even today as more sophisticated multimedia-rich requirements are being demanded for standardization for large-scale interoperable implementations.
Mobility Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Systems
Published in K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Bojan M. Bakmaz, Wireless Multimedia Communication Systems, 2017
K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Bojan M. Bakmaz
Session initiation protocol (SIP) [30] is a major application layer signaling protocol for establishing, modifying, and terminating multimedia sessions. These sessions include IP telephone calls, multimedia distribution, multimedia conferences, and other similar services. SIP invitations used to create sessions carry descriptions that allow participants to agree on a set of compatible media types. SIP uses elements called proxy servers to help route requests to the user’s current location, authenticate and authorize users for services, implement provider call-routing policies, and provide features to users. SIP also provides a registration function that allows users to upload their current locations for use by proxy servers.
Mobile data interception in 4G via diameter interconnection
Published in Stein Haugen, Anne Barros, Coen van Gulijk, Trond Kongsvik, Jan Erik Vinnem, Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World, 2018
Silke Holtmanns, Jani Ekman, Cathal McDaid
The first Interconnection Network was the so called Nordic Mobile Telephone Network between Norway, Finland, Sweden and Denmark [1] in 1981. At that time most network operators were state-owned and there was trust between the partners. The main goal was to enable services for their users. They designed protocols and messages to serve that goal. The Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) is a network signalling protocol stack used worldwide between network elements and between different types of operator networks, service providers on the interconnection and within operator networks. It was standardised by the International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunication Standardisation Sector (ITU-T) more than 35 years ago [2].
A Survey on Packet Switching Networks
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
The LSRs establish the Label Switch Path (LSP) using Label Signaling Protocol. All the LSRs in the MPLS domain have the FIB table and LFIB table, but the FIB table is used by the ingress and egress routers while the LFIB is used by the core routers and/or egress router only.
Traffic Grooming in PCE-based Architecture Combined with RWA Utilizing Dynamic Fiber State Information
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2018
The simulation architecture of TGA [27] using dynamic RWA in PCE-based architecture is demonstrated as the optical network of Indian sub-continent in Figure 4. The optical network comprises of ten LSRs (optical nodes), linked via eleven bi-directional connections to create an architecture which is meshed in nature. Each bidirectional optical link incorporates of twelve fiber strands, with every fiber strand imbibing four wavelengths each. There is one central PCE controller in the architecture which is linked to every other LSR in conjunction with PCC component via a PCECP communication connection so as to ensure that the control signals are transmitted from the central PCE controller to every other PCC on the control plane. There is a provision of FSC at each LSR, whose primary job is to update the DFSI for all fibers branching out from the LSR in regular intervals of 5 ms via the 100 Mb/s Ethernet Link destined to the ONMS. The ONMS in turn revises this new DFSI every 5 ms via the 1 Gbps Ethernet Link destined to the central PCE controller. Along with the central PCE controller is connected a routing controller whose primary job is to run the routing protocol to find the optimum path for every LSP request. OSPF-TE is used as the routing protocol for computation of the optimum path for each LSP request. The LSRs are also interlinked to a signaling controller for transmission of control information to the other signaling controllers and also the central PCE controller on the control plane. RSVP-TE is the signaling protocol which is incorporated in the GMPLS architecture to establish the LSPs. Further, it is also clarified that there are 2000 packets generated per node and each packet attempts to get an independent connection in the simulation process. There are a total of 10 nodes, each node generates 2000 packets per simulation process and all these packets attempt to establish a connection. A connection is either successful or failed, and a failed connection is dropped and does not try to reconnect, thereby resulting in the overall increase in the BP. This work enhances and details the initial work by the authors [27,28] by analyzing the performance of algorithm on the following issues: Analyzing the relative improvement of BP for TGA and non-TGA cases by increasing the wavelengths per optical link.Analyzing the on effect of TGA on each Class of traffic and also comparing it with TGA and non-TGA cases.Incorporating dynamic routing and comparing the performance of TGA with non-TGA case.Analyzing the improvement in network resource utilization in comparison with BP on incorporating TGA in the optical network.Inference from above analysis is also highlighted in this work.