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Introduction to Operations Research
Published in Michael W. Carter, Camille C. Price, Ghaith Rabadi, Operations Research, 2018
Michael W. Carter, Camille C. Price, Ghaith Rabadi
The characterization of an algorithm that is both straightforward and often of greatest practical value is the worst case performance, that is, the greatest number of steps that may be necessary for guaranteed completion of the execution of the algorithm. For this purpose, we introduce big-Oh notation, which is written as O(f(n)) and pronounced “big Oh of f of n,” where n denotes problem size and f(n) is some function of problem size. The meaning of the notation is as follows. An algorithm is said to be O(f(n)) if there exist constants c and n0 such that for all n > n0, the execution time of the algorithm is ≤ c · f(n). The function f(n) is the algorithm’s worst case step count, measured as a function of the problem size. The constant c is called a constant of proportionality and is intended to account for the various extraneous factors that influence execution time, such as hardware speed, programming style, and computer system load during execution of the algorithm. The problem size threshold n0 accounts for the fact that for very small problem sizes, the algorithm may not reveal its characteristic worst case performance. Paraphrased, the definition given above may be stated as follows: To say that an algorithm is O(f(n)), or “of order f(n),” means that for large enough problem sizes, the execution time is proportional to at most f(n).
Object-Oriented Analysis
Published in Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton, Software Solutions for Engineers and Scientists, 2018
Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton
During the analysis phase the class name could be entered using any reasonable style of spacing and capitalization. However, if our class names are not compatible with the syntax to be used in the design and coding phases, then these names would have to be modified at a later date. Since any modification could be a source of errors, it is better to name classes, attributes, and methods using a style that is consistent with the later phases of the development environment. In the context of this book decisions regarding style are facilitated by the fact that we have committed to C++ as a programming language. Therefore, to improve readability, and in conformance with one popular C++ programming style, we capitalize the first letter of every word in class names and methods. Methods are followed by parenthesis to indicate processing. Attributes, which later become variables, are typed in lowercase, and the underscore symbol is used as a separator. Note that any other style is equally satisfactory as long as it can be consistently maintained throughout the development process.
A fuzzy logic approach to river flow modelling
Published in Zhao-Yin Wang, Shi-Xiong Hu, Stochastic Hydraulics 2000, 2020
D. Han, I.D. Cluckie, D. Karbassioun, J. Lowry
Fril Language Components are: Support Logic/Prolog combination language, Declarative programming style; List-based syntax; Portable ‘C’ implementation; High performance Prolog; Incremental compilation of clauses; Debugging tools; On-line help; Uncertainty rules at the object level of the language; Easy development of expert systems; Modular code development and optimisation; Sophisticated window and menu interface, including dialogue boxes; Fril can call functions written in procedural languages; Fril can be called from procedural code (e.g. a ‘C’ program); Fril can generate stand-alone applications.
Assessing Students’ Object-Oriented Programming Skills with Java: The “Department-Employee” Project
Published in Journal of Computer Information Systems, 2020
Xihui Zhang, John D. Crabtree, Mark G. Terwilliger, Tyler T. Redman
Since it did not need to rely upon an existing language for support (e.g., C), Java was designed from the ground up to be object-oriented. All Java programs are object-oriented. On the other hand, with a language like C++, it is possible for programmers to fall back into a more procedural, C-like programming style. While not all Java programs are guaranteed to have good object-oriented design, all Java code must be written in the context of a class and, more specifically, within a method belonging to a class. From a software engineering perspective, object-oriented design is often used in the architectural design, while structured design and programming is used for detailed method implementation.20 Virtually all of the executable code in a Java class is written within methods, and that code must be structured code.
Source-to-source adjoint Algorithmic Differentiation of an ice sheet model written in C
Published in Optimization Methods and Software, 2018
The programming style of ALIF is a first attempt at defining a programming style of (or a sub-language of) C++ that source-to-source AD could handle. ALIF is designed as a C++-like C code. In other words, keeping in mind that one distant objective of source-to-source AD is to address C++ and therefore ISSM, the first step, which we present here, investigates source-to-source of a realistic C code that exhibits many of the difficulties that we foresee in C++. In particular, ALIF preserves the intensive use of dynamic memory of ISSM, in ways that are uncommon in pure C. Aliasing is also used extensively, making the code analysis challenging. We use Tapenade [7] to perform this source-to-source transformation on ALIF. Even though Tapenade officially supports C, differentiation of ALIF proved to be challenging. We present some of these challenges and the strategies that we adopted to overcome them.