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Chaos in Monolingual and Bilingual Speech
Published in Christos H. Skiadas, Charilaos Skiadas, Handbook of Applications of Chaos Theory, 2017
Speech data are collected in digital recordings and may be subject to phonetic transcription and/or acoustical analysis for the study of speech. The most widely used transcriptional system is the International Phonetic Association (IPA) chart (graphemes, diacritics, and suprasegmentals). So, tough and cough are [thΛf], [khΛf] in IPA transcription, respectively, while through and bough are [θɹu:] and [ba℧]. It is obvious that in spite of the similarity in spelling, there is variability in production. Phonetic transcription of a word may also vary depending on whether the utterance is articulated in running speech or independently; for instance, don’t [do℧nt] and you [ju] become [do℧nt∫Ә] in running speech. Phonetic transcription, however, is only a representation of actual speech sounds and may not portray minute production differences that are present even in a single speaker’s repetitions. An acoustical analysis of speech data (e.g., power spectra, pitch, intensity, formants, etc.) is the reply to such discrepancies and is common in the study of speech (Flipsen et al., 1999; Escudero et al., 2009). Praat (Boersma and Weenink, 2014) is a widely used computer program that facilitates acoustical analyses, as well as the statistics (e.g., multidimensional scaling, principal component, and discriminant analyses) on those analyses.
Circadian effect on physiology and driving performance in semi-automated vehicles
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2022
S. I. Kaduk, A. P. Roberts, N. A. Stanton
Voice was analysed using PRAAT software to estimate the following voice properties mean pitch, maximum pitch, minimum pitch, voice frequency range, the standard deviation of the pitch, number of pulses, number of periods, the fraction of locally unvoiced frames, number of voice breaks, degree of voice breaks, jitter, shimmer, mean autocorrelation, mean noise to harmonics ratio, mean harmonics to noise ration, mean speech intensity, maximum speech intensity, and minimum speech intensity (Boersma and Van Heuven 2001).