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Technology of Intelligent Systems
Published in James A. Momoh, Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Electric Systems, Dynamics, and Stability with Artificial Intelligence Applications, 2018
James A. Momoh, Mohamed E. El-Hawary
An “empty” knowledge-based system which provides control and data structures but no knowledge is called a shell. Any shell is written in a certain programming language for instance Pascal, LISP, OPS83, or PROLOG. All these languages have their advantages and disadvantages. We note that OPS83 provides the data type “rules” and the forward chaining control strategy, whereas PROLOG is especially suited to implement backward chaining control, because of its backtracking facilities. Neither procedural languages like Pascal nor functional ones like LISP provide these facilities that therefore have to be programmed explicitly. Although they may be more efficient for a final implementation they are not suited for rapid prototyping in order to test concepts and methodologies.
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing in the Food Industry
Published in Gauri S. Mittal, Computerized Control Systems in the Food Industry, 2018
The difference between declarative and procedural knowledge can be illustrated easily by means of an example. The fact “The temperature in the refrigerator room is 6°C” and the rule “If the temperature in the refrigerator is above 5°C, then the food will be spoiled” are both examples of declarative knowledge. The human mind possesses procedural knowledge that allows it to derive the following new fact by appropriately combining the fact and the rule: “The food is spoiled.” This mechanism is called logical inference. If the number of facts and rules is limited, then both the rules and the inference mechanism can be programmed by using a conventional procedural programming language such as Pascal or C. The rules are then hardwired in the code in the form of IF/THEN statements. However, if a considerable number of rules and facts must be handled, it is more appropriate to make use of a language or programming environment (“shell”) that provides specialized knowledge representation and handling facilities. It is worthwhile to mention that modern (active/deductive) database management systems also have limited knowledge processing capabilities. The knowledge representation techniques to be described in this section, however, have possibilities that go far beyond the limited features found in database systems.
A
Published in Phillip A. Laplante, Dictionary of Computer Science, Engineering, and Technology, 2017
Algol acronym for algorithmic language, a family of languages starting with Algol-58 (1958), Algol-60 (the best-known member of the family, 1960), and Algol-68 (1968). Historically important because Algol-60 is the prototype for most modern language designs, including SIMULA, Pascal, Ada, C, and C++.
A multivariate multiple regression analysis of tire-road contact peak triaxial stress by using machine learning methods
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2021
Xiangwen Li, Minrui Guo, Xinglin Zhou
In addition, R2 and MAE are introduced as indicators to evaluate the regression model performance as follows: where is the true stress; is the mean of and is the predicted stress; n is the sample size of the problem. To maintain the same response variable units, this research uses the RMSE and MAE to show the error in mega pascal (MPa). Based on the general hypothesis [49], when the value is greater than 0.8, it indicates a strong linear correlation between the true and predicted values.
Heterogeneous multistability in a novel system with purely nonlinear terms
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2021
Z. Tabekoueng Njitacke, R. L. Tagne Mogue, G. D. Leutcho, T. Fonzin Fozin, J. Kengne
In this section, numerical computations are made using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta ordinary differential equation (ODE) integration method setting the time integration step. The programming language is PASCAL with variables declares in extended mode. In order to eliminate the transient state, the system is computed for a sufficiently long time before recording the data. To describe the dynamic features of the system (1), classical tools of chaos characterisation are used like bifurcations diagrams, space magnetisation diagrams, and time traces. Several complex behaviours are highlighted, such as the offset control of the chaotic trajectories, and heterogeneous cases of multistability. The chaotic dynamics of the investigated model is highlighted using two-dimensional projections in various planes as depicted in Figure 1(ac). These irregular dynamics of the model are further supported using nonlinear analysis tools such as time series, frequency spectra as well as the double-sided Poincaré section depicted, respectively, Figure 1(df). More details about some of these tools used for the characterisation of nonlinear behaviours are provided in the following references (Giannakopoulos & Deliyannis, 2005; Stavrinides et al., 2015).
Fibonacci and Lucas Riordan arrays and construction of pseudo-involutions
Published in Applicable Analysis, 2021
Candice Marshall, Asamoah Nkwanta
A Riordan matrix is also known as a proper Riordan array. The Pascal matrix given in Example 2 is a proper Riordan array. A Riordan array which is not proper does not belong to the Riordan group. Given that is a Riordan matrix, then the identity element is and the inverse of is , where is the compositional inverse of . Some well-known subgroups of the Riordan group are listed below [7].