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Systems Theory
Published in Vivek Kale, Enterprise Process Management Systems, 2018
Systems can be classified as: An isolated system, which has no interactions beyond its boundary layer. Many controlled laboratory experiments are this type of system.A closed system, which is a system that transfers energy, but not matter, across its boundary to the surrounding environment. Our planet is often viewed as a closed system.An open system, which is a system that transfers both matter and energy across its boundary to the surrounding environment. Most cosystems are examples of open systems.
The Implementation of a Sustainable Management System for the Delivery of Affordable Housing
Published in AbdulLateef Olanrewaju, Zalina Shari, Zhonghua Gou, Greening Affordable Housing, 2019
The concept of sustainable housing development can be defined as a joint venture between internal (housing) and external (housing neighbourhoods) aspects of housing interactions along with their performance-based characteristics. The sustainability of housing developments comprise of a multidisciplinary approach with extensive and sophisticated consequences to understand (Clayton and Radcliffe, 1996). The implementation of sustainability therefore incorporates an open system approach in order to solve complicated problems in a systematic way.
Discrete-Event Modeling and Simulation
Published in Devendra K. Chaturvedi, ®, 2017
Exogenous vs. endogenous activities: Endogenous activities are those which are occurring within the system and exogenous activities describe the activities in the environment that affect the system. If a system has no exogenous activities, it is called a closed system, while an open system is one that has exogenous activities. Consider an example of a factory, which receives the orders. The arrival of orders may be considered to be outside to the influence of the factory and therefore part of environment. Hence it may be considered as an exogenous activity.
From within and in-between – co-designing organizational change
Published in CoDesign, 2021
The systems approach with its variations has been influential in the study of organizations. Particularly, an open systems perspective has provided ways to study interrelations between parts of an organization, as well as the organization and its environment. In this paper, with systems we refer to an understanding of organizations as sociotechnical systems. Central tenets to this understanding are the acknowledgement of an interrelation between the social and technical aspects of systems (including organizational structure, processes and technologies), as well as the openness of the system to its environment. In this view, manipulating one part of the system, e.g. introducing a new technology, inevitably has corollaries to its other parts, such as humans and their work practices. (Morgan 1997) Hence, the development of sociotechnical systems calls for a joint optimization approach to account for the dependency between human and technical worlds in organizations (e.g. Appelbaum 1997). However, in order to account for the interdependency of the social and technical beyond the use context, the relations of technologies to the sites of their production ought to be acknowledged too, since they have implications for the ways things eventually get organized, as e.g. Suchman (2002) details. Hence, an important concern is how joint optimization can respond to this challenge. Furthermore, the kinds of organizational problems optimization provides means for solving is a vital question in the context of this paper: is optimization able to serve the creation of technology-support for explorative work domains such as innovation?
Developing a lean-based holistic framework for studying industrial systems
Published in Production Planning & Control, 2018
In contrast to a closed system, an open system can feature sharing of resources across its boundaries. In a closed system, resources are neither replenished nor released from the system for the duration studied. Accordingly, the analyst should decide which system type would be appropriate for the case studied. Closed and open types of single-stream systems in situations involving multiple-stream environments are illustrated in Figures 5 and 6 respectively. An alternative formulation can be achieved by considering multiple-stream systems as depicted in Figures 7 and 8.
Researchers' perspectives on Industry 4.0: multi-disciplinary analysis and opportunities for operations management
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2021
Dmitry Ivanov, Christopher S. Tang, Alexandre Dolgui, Daria Battini, Ajay Das
I4.0 borrows several principles from systems, information, organisation and network theories. The Beer’s viable system model (Beer 1985) describes how interconnected operations communicate with changing market environments and meta-systems such as markets, policy, and society. Ashby’s law of requisite variety (Ashby 1956) prescribes that situational variety should be balanced by the response variety of the controller or ‘only variety absorbs variety’. Viewed through the Ashby (1956) theoretical lens, I4.0 represents highly diversified and decentralised design and delivery systems able to respond to the increasing variety in external systems such as new market models (e.g. omnichannel), new business models (e.g. circular economy) positive disruptions (e.g. innovations) and negative disruptions (e.g. natural catastrophes) (Sodhi and Tang 2012; Papadopoulos et al. 2017; Zhong et al. 2017; Ivanov 2018; Jabbour et al. 2018; Aldrighetti et al. 2019; Luthra et al. 2019; Machado, Winroth, and da Silva 2020). Another series of studies Casti (1979), Barabasi (2005), Ivanov and Sokolov (2010), Basole and Bellamy (2014) offer insights into the structural dynamics of the networks, their connectivity, feedbacks, visibility, coordination, (self)-adaptation and (self)-learning, following the fundamentals (Maruyama 1963; Bellmann 1972; Mesarovic and Takahara 1975; Beer 1985). Moreover, I4.0 poses open system context analysis. An open system (Mesarovic and Takahara 1975; Casti 1979) is a system that has interactions with the environments, and evolves based on these interactions. The major characteristics of open systems are control, self-adaptation, and self-organisation (von Bertalanffy 1969; Anderson 1999; Gao, Barzel, and Barabási 2016) which can be seen as future-leading management principles in the era of I4.0. In addition, I4.0 can contribute to supply chain viability at a larger scale (Ivanov 2020; Ivanov and Dolgui 2020b).