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The Future
Published in James Luke, David Porter, Padmanabhan Santhanam, Beyond Algorithms, 2022
James Luke, David Porter, Padmanabhan Santhanam
As early as in 1960, Licklider [43] articulated the foundations of a human–machine partnership as follows: “Man-computer symbiosis is an expected development in cooperative interaction between men and electronic computers. It will involve very close coupling between the human and the electronic members of the partnership. The main aims are (1) to let computers facilitate formulative thinking as they now facilitate the solution of formulated problems, and (2) to enable men and computers to cooperate in making decisions and controlling complex situations without inflexible dependence on predetermined programs. In the anticipated symbiotic partnership, men will set the goals, formulate the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Computing machines will do the routinizable work that must be done to prepare the way for insights and decisions in technical and scientific thinking.”
What Is Augmented Intelligence?
Published in Judith Hurwitz, Henry Morris, Candace Sidner, Daniel Kirsch, Augmented Intelligence, 2019
Judith Hurwitz, Henry Morris, Candace Sidner, Daniel Kirsch
J. C. R. Licklider was a psychologist and computer scientist who foresaw modern styles of human–computer interaction based on networks of computers and applications designed to enable human–machine collaboration. His 1960 paper, “Man–Computer Symbiosis,” provided a vision for augmented intelligence in which men and computers work together to make decisions and control a “complex situation.”7 Licklider carefully outlined the distinct roles of humans and computers in such a situation: Man–computer symbiosis is an expected development in cooperative interaction between men and electronic computers. It will involve very close coupling between the human and the electronic members of the partnership. The main aims are 1) to let computers facilitate formulative thinking as they now facilitate the solution of formulated problems, and 2) to enable men and computers to cooperate in making decisions and controlling complex situations without inflexible dependence on predetermined programs. In the anticipated symbiotic partnership, men will set the goals, formulate the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Computing machines will do the routinizable work that must be done to prepare the way for insights and decisions in technical and scientific thinking. Preliminary analyses indicate that the symbiotic partnership will perform intellectual operations much more effectively than man alone can perform them.
Human–Agent Interaction
Published in Guy A. Boy, The Handbook of Human-Machine Interaction, 2017
Jeffrey M. Bradshaw, Paul J. Feltovich, Matthew Johnson
As automation becomes more sophisticated, the nature of its interaction with people will need to change in profound ways. In non-trivial interaction of this sort, the point is not to think so much about which tasks are best performed by humans and which by automation but rather how tasks can best be shared by both humans and automation working in concert [36]. Licklider called this concept man-computer symbiosis [43]. In the ultimate form of such symbiosis, human capabilities are transparently augmented by cognitive prostheses—computational systems that leverage and extend human intellectual, perceptual, and collaborative capacities, just as a steam shovel is a sort of muscular prosthesis or eyeglasses are a sort of visual prosthesis [11; 30; 35]. To counter the limitations of the Fitts’ list, which is clearly intended to summarize what humans and machines each do well on their own, Hoffman has summarized the findings of Woods in an “un-Fitts list” [38] (Table 13.1), which emphasizes how the competencies of humans and machines can be enhanced through appropriate forms of mutual interaction.
Decision systems redux
Published in Journal of Decision Systems, 2019
Daniel J. Power, Ciara Heavin, Peter Keenan
An influential, ground-breaking decision system conceptual article by J. C. R. Licklider (1960) envisioned man-computer symbiosis ‘to enable men and computers to cooperate in making decisions’ (p. 4). Licklider explained ‘one of the main aims of man-computer symbiosis is to bring the computing machine effectively into the formulative parts of technical problems. The other main aim is closely related. It is to bring computing machines effectively into processes of thinking that must go on in “real time,” time that moves too fast to permit using computers in conventional ways. … men will handle the very-low-probability situations when such situations do actually arise. … the computer will serve as a statistical-inference, decision-theory, or game-theory machine to make elementary evaluations of suggested courses of action whenever there is enough basis to support a formal statistical analysis’ (p. 5). Licklider was the architect of Project MAC at MIT that furthered the study of interactive computing.