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Data-driven asset management-projects by the Swedish Transport Administration
Published in Joan-Ramon Casas, Dan M. Frangopol, Jose Turmo, Bridge Safety, Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle, Resilience and Sustainability, 2022
Throughout the planning and construction stage of bridges, BIM (Building Information Modelling) has been widely adopted as a platform for coordination and communication of information between different actors and fields. Throughout the stages of the project, information is gathered and structured in digital models. However, when the construction project is finished, the deliverable to the maintenance and management department are traditional as-built drawings in PDF. The downside of going from digital models to traditional as-built drawing is that the data is no longer structured nor machine-readable. Upon the delivery of the as-built drawings and before the bridge is taken into operation, the bridge along with essential information must be registered in our bridge management system (BaTMan – Bridge and Tunnel Management). An advantage of having structured machine-readable data is that the transfer from digital models to a management system can be automated to a larger extent and therefore more efficient compared to manual registration. A proof of concept of automatic data transfer, called SmartFlow, has been performed successfully between IFC and one of the Swedish Transport Administration management systems, tests are soon to be performed for the bridge management system, BaTMan.
The physicality of digital public space
Published in Naomi Jacobs, Rachel Cooper, Living in Digital Worlds, 2018
Objects have been digitally coded and embedded in larger processes for a long time. An example of this is barcodes, by which objects can be made machine readable. By using an appropriate scanner, any object with a barcode can be immediately recognised and categorised by a computer. Although these are passive objects, by giving them a digitally readable identification they can be made to interact with digital systems. However, the ‘internet of things’ envisages a world where this is taken significantly further. The miniaturisation and ‘always on’ capabilities of modern systems can enable ubiquitous connectivity, potentially for all manufactured objects.
Finding, getting and understanding: the user journey for the GDPR’S right to access
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2022
Dominik Pins, Timo Jakobi, Gunnar Stevens, Fatemeh Alizadeh, Jana Krüger
Our study reveals that various data formats exist in practice (see Table 7). Most frequently, machine-readable data formats are used, such as JSON/XML (26.3%) or CSV/XLS (14.3%). Less common are human-readable data formats such as PDF or HTML. However, about one-third (33.1%) of the SARs still used none of these formats. To our surprise, 5.1% of all SAR were answered with paper printouts. On average, in the case of human-readable SAR data formats, the SUS score is higher (score = 55) compared to the machine-readable ones (score = 40.3). The one-way analysis of variance (F(3, 353) = 6.45; p < 0.001) showed that the data format has a significant impact on the SUS rating. The additional conducted Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test (Chi square = 543.11, p < .0001, df = 1) showed the same result.6 As illustrated in Figure 5, two-sided T-test (Bonferroni adjusted) showed a significant difference between the human-readable versus machine-readable pair (t(157) = 4.01; p < .001, p.adjusted < 0.001) as well human-readable versus other (t(185) = 3.85; p < .001, p.adjusted < .001), but not between the other pairs.
Aspect-oriented challenges in system integration with microservices, SOA and IoT
Published in Enterprise Information Systems, 2018
A similar outcome through a different use of the AOP mechanism was achieved by Cerny, Trnka, and Donahoo (2016). Service security rules and constraints are usually elements of the internal knowledge. However, we can separate out the service security concerns involving a domain-specific language (DSL) description, such as Drools or MPS. DSLs usually have well-described meta-models, allowing us to parse the captured rules and enforce them within the service. Moreover, the parsed rules can be transformed into a machine-readable format (JSON, XML) and shared with other services. Such sharing allows us to build a high-level picture of security, run a verification check on security correlation for verification, build a security-aware composite service or even reuse the knowledge in a user interface, applying client-side validation transforming the machine-readable format into JavaScript. In addition, parsing the rules as described above has the great advantage of self-propagation across services, becoming adaptive, enforceable and easy to read or maintain.
Data cleansing for energy-saving: a case of Cyber-Physical Machine Tools health monitoring system
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2018
Changyi Deng, Ruifeng Guo, Chao Liu, Ray Y. Zhong, Xun Xu
MTConnect provides a detailed data model for field-level manufacturing equipment. It defines the vocabulary and semantics of manufacturing data, enabling a unified definition such as name, units, values and context. MTConnect standard also provides a machine-readable XML schema which defines a hierarchical information model for a machine tool. The hierarchical structure enables the data related to the same component to be grouped together and bound to that component. For example, the temperature and vibration data of a spindle acquired from different sensors can be grouped together so that all relevant data items can be retrieved by a single command instead of inquiring each data item separately. Figure 4 shows an example of using MTConnect information model for a spindle motor of a machine tool.