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IPTV and WiMAX
Published in Amitabh Kumar, Mobile Broadcasting with WiMAX: Principles, Technology, and Applications, 2014
TV services have traditionally been delivered to homes using cable TV or DTH or terrestrial broadcasting technologies. All the modes of delivery are based on the availability of a fixed bandwidth (e.g., 5–8 MHz for analog transmissions) or a guaranteed and sustained bit rate (e.g., 2–6 Mbps for MPEG-2 video). These traditional technologies have been very successful in delivering audio and video to the homes, and quality is rarely an issue. On the other hand, the internet has also been used to carry streaming video on a best-effort basis largely for desktop applications. The “internet video” is delivered by streaming using the RTP/RTSP protocol for unicast transmissions. The RTSP protocol was designed for providing minimum latency, which apparently was the fastest way to deliver video over unreliable networks. Because of the non-availability of guaranteed throughput and latency, internet video has traditionally been characterized by small video windows (e.g., QCIF resolution), jerky video, or dropped frames caused by the inability of the network to handle video at sustained bit rates.
Overview of Video Transport
Published in Wes Simpson, Video Over IP, 2013
Internet video is used to supply video content to viewers by way of the public Internet. In a typical Internet video installation, service providers set up a website portal that can be reached by anyone with a standard browser. At this site, a list or index of the various pieces of content will be available. Once the user has selected content, it is delivered from servers to the viewer's PC, where media viewer software can be used or where it can be downloaded to another device.
Necessary and sufficient condition for non-concave network utility maximisation
Published in International Journal of Control, 2020
Jingyao Wang, Jinghua Guo, Qishao Wang, Zhisheng Duan, Guanrong Chen
Typical internet applications including file transfer protocol (FTP), used to generate most of the data traffic, called elastic traffic. Elastic traffic can be defined as the traffic that can adjust to changes in network conditions, such as delay, throughput, congestion, etc., and still meet the QoS requirements of its applications. Utility functions for elastic traffic are usually modelled as strictly concave functions. Algorithms that determine optimal ways of sharing link bandwidths among different traffic flows have been well developed for this type of traffic; for example, see Guo, Luo, and Li (2018, 2019), Liu, Zhao, Ren, and Chen (2018), Zhao, Liu, Wen, Ren, and Chen (2018, 2019), Beck, Nedic, Ozdaglar, and Teboulle (2014) and Lagoa, Che, and Movsichoff (2004). Nowdays, the traffic generated by real-time applications such as internet video streaming dominates internet flows, which is inelastic. Different from elastic traffic, inelastic traffic does not adapt to changes in delay, throughput, congestion, etc., across the internet. According to Cisco Inc. annual Visual Networking Index (VNI) forecast report, dated June 1st, 2016 (VN Index, 2017), intellectual-property (IP) video traffic will be 82% of all consumer internet traffic by 2020, up from 70% in 2015. Moreover, the report forecasts that the IP video traffic will grow threefold from 2015 to 2020. Consequently, developing resource allocation techniques that handle this type of traffic is imperative.
Development of a Cyber-Physical framework for monitoring and teleoperation of a CNC lathe based on MTconnect and OPC protocols
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2018
Alberto José Álvares, Luiz Eduardo Santos de Oliveira, Joao Carlos Espindola Ferreira
This work proposes the planning and implementation of CyberDNC, a new framework for monitoring and teleoperation of CNC machine tools, having as a test and validation element a Romi CNC lathe Galaxy 15M, equipped with Fanuc 18i-Ta controller. The system architecture developed from this framework combines elements compliant with Industry 4.0, such as an MTConnect service for access to CNC data, OPC web service for interaction with the machine through PMC/PLC functions (Programmable Machine Control/Programmable Logic Controller). Also, remote command services via HTTP with CGI (Common Gateway Interface) scripts (Robinson 2004) and image monitoring through an Internet video streaming service are provided (Alvares and Ferreira 2006). Usually the systems reported in the literature are related only to the use of MTConnect, which is only for monitoring, not allowing teleoperation nor telemanufacturing.
Flooding Control in Named Data Networking
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2018
Shatarupa Dash, Bharat J.R. Sahu, Navrati Saxena, Abhishek Roy
Every minute, the Internet adds a significant number of new contents. For example, Youtube observes 300 hours of video upload in every minute [5]. Facebook users upload 350 million of photos each day and even exceeds Youtube in video upload [6]. As per recent forecast, by 2019, content delivery networks will deliver 72% of all Internet video traffic, up from 57% in 2014 [7]. NDN paradigm needs to forward an enormous Interest into the network to navigate all these new contents. The number of Interests in the network is limited for the popular contents around the network. However, search for new contents without any knowledge of its distance may result in exponential Interest forwarding or congestion in the network.