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Management
Published in Wanda Grimsgaard, Design and Strategy, 2023
The creator of creative works will be able to claim rights to copyright protection in most countries of the world. Examples of copyright protected subject matter includes writings of all kinds, musical works, cinematographic and photographic works, paintings, drawings, graphic and similar works of art, and handicraft objects. More and more, copyright protection is provided also for more functional works such as architecture and handicraft objects such as for example furniture. Under copyright law, the author’s exclusive rights include making a permanent or temporary copy of the copyright, making it available to the public, translating, or adapting it. Copyright confers on its author the exclusive right to utilise and commercialise the work in question, a right which is transferable. In most jurisdictions, copyright protection is obtained when the work in question has been made publicly available. No registration is necessary. Further, under the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works which most countries in the world have ratified, a member state is obliged to provide the same protection for a work created abroad as for works created by its nationals. In most countries, copyright protection lasts for the lifetime of the author plus 70 years after his or her death.
Legal Considerations
Published in Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore, Introduction to Environmental Management, 2021
Patents can be used to protect useful inventions, ornamental designs, and even botanical plants. The patent allows the owner of the patent the right to prevent anyone else from making, using, or selling the “invention” covered by the claims of the patent. Trademarks are distinctive marks associated with a product or service (these are usually referred to as service marks) which the owners of the mark can use exclusively to identify themselves as the source of the product or service. Copyrights protect the expression of an idea, rather than the idea itself, and are typically used to protect literary works (such as this book) plus visual and performing arts such as photographs, painting and drawings, sculptures, movies, songs, and choreography. Trade secret laws protect technical or business information that a company uses to gain a competitive business advantage by virtue of the secret being unknown to others; customer or client lists, secret formulations, or methods of manufacture are typical business secrets.
Ethical Considerations in Engineering Writing
Published in Edward J. Rothwell, Michael J. Cloud, Engineering Writing by Design, 2020
Edward J. Rothwell, Michael J. Cloud
Copyright is an intellectual property right, granted by a governmental agency for the purpose of protecting original works. These works may be written, aural, or visual, and include such diverse entities as poems, sculpture, photographs, computer code, and music. The purpose of the copyright is to allow the creator to decide the conditions under which the works may be used by others. Note that copyright protection is automatic once the work has been established or “fixed” (through printing, for instance, or by posting to the internet). The creator doesn’t need to include any symbol or indication of copyright to enjoy copyright protection (i.e., the copyright symbol © is not required), nor does the work need to be registered. However, the creator may register the copyright through the United States Copyright Office in order to establish prima facie evidence of ownership of the original work. If this is not done, a copyright holder must provide convincing evidence of ownership when defending copyright in court. You can assume everything you find on the internet is copyrighted unless you find specific information otherwise. Also be aware that creators may sign copyright over to another party, such as a publisher.
Does opportunity make the thief? Abilities and moral disengagement in illegal downloading
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2019
Nadia Olivero, Andrea Greco, Anna Maria Annoni, Patrizia Steca, Paul Benjamin Lowry
Over the last 15 years, copyright infringements have heavily damaged intellectual property businesses. The 2016 report by the piracy tracking platform MUSO1 revealed that, taking into account the Internet's penetration, digital piracy is a worldwide issue, with some European countries hosting the highest ratio of Internet users involved in illegal downloading (e.g. 46% of Internet users in Latvia, 22% in Spain, 18% in Sweden, 9% in Italy, 8% in the United Kingdom, 5% in the United States). Market analysts have indicated that US$59 billion in illegal software was downloaded in 2010, $2.7 billion in workers’ earnings and 71,060 jobs are lost each year in the United States due to online piracy, more than 75% of computers have at least once downloaded illegal applications, and 22% of the Internet bandwidth is used for piracy worldwide (Go-Gulf 2011). Reactions from various stakeholders have focused on severe enforcement measures. In the United States, the FBI has declared that any copyright infringement, including infringements without monetary gain, is punishable by up to five years in federal prison and a fine of $250,000 (Title 17, United States Code, Sections 501 and 506). Also significant is the media industry's investment in advertising campaigns that communicate warnings about the act of illegal downloading by comparing online piracy to stealing CDs and to seriously illegal acts committed offline (Coyle et al. 2009; Robertson et al. 2012).