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Overview of Internet of Things
Published in Sandeep Misra, Chandana Roy, Anandarup Mukherjee, Introduction to Industrial Internet of Things and Industry 4.0, 2021
Sandeep Misra, Chandana Roy, Anandarup Mukherjee
IPv6: IPv6 is the successive version of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), which deals with addressing over IP-based networks. The exponential growth of the Internet due to technological advances has saturated the existing address space [14]. IPv6 fulfills these shortcomings of IPv4. The features of IPv6 are as follows: It provides a larger address space.The header is represented in a simplified format.Every system has a unique identification code, enabling the implementation of end-to-end connectivity.The host devices can be auto-configured.Routing is faster because the unnecessary information is placed at the end of the header.
Routing and Addressing
Published in Rui Valadas, OSPF and IS-IS, 2019
Address representationFigure 1.4 illustrates the address representation used in IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 addresses are represented in dotted-decimal notation, i.e. using four decimal numbers separated by a dot, where each number corresponds to the decimal value of one octet, e.g. 128.10.2.30. Due to their length, IPv6 addresses are represented in hexadecimal notation, with 16-bit blocks separated by a colon, e.g. 2001:0db8:000d:000a:0000:0000:0000:0003. Several simplifications can be adopted to shorten the address representation, e.g. skip leading zeros in a 16-bit block and replace one group of consecutive zeros by a double colon. With these two simplifications, the previous IPv6 address would be represented as 2001:db8:d:a::3 (see Chapter 3 of [14] for additional discussion).
The Evolution of Cloud Computing
Published in John W. Rittinghouse, James F. Ransome, Cloud Computing, 2017
John W. Rittinghouse, James F. Ransome
The amazing growth of the Internet throughout the 1990s caused a vast reduction in the number of free IP addresses available under IPv4. IPv4 was never designed to scale to global levels. To increase available address space, it had to process data packets that were larger (i.e., that contained more bits of data). This resulted in a longer IP address and that caused problems for existing hardware and software. Solving those problems required the design, development, and implementation of a new architecture and new hardware to support it. It also required changes to all of the TCP/IP routing software. After examining a number of proposals, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) settled on IPv6, which was released in January 1995 as RFC 1752. Ipv6 is sometimes called the Next Generation Internet Protocol (IPNG) or TCP/IP v6. Following release of the RFP, a number of organizations began working toward making the new protocol the de facto standard. Fast-forward nearly a decade later, and by 2004, IPv6 was widely available from industry as an integrated TCP/IP protocol and was supported by most new Internet networking equipment.
ICMPv6-based DDoS Flooding-Attack Detection Using Machine and Deep Learning Techniques
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Ali El Ksimi, Cherkaoui Leghris, Samira Lafraxo, Vinod Kumar Verma
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is a connectionless network protocol used for assigning IP addresses to computers. The successor of IPv4 officially reached saturation in 2011, IPv6 offers 128-bit addresses (against 32 bits for the previous version) and thus offers a larger address space. These addresses take the form of hexadecimal writing with 8 groups of 2 bytes. On the other hand, IPv6 brings greater security. Authentication and confidentiality are the major security features of the IPv6 protocol. ICMP for IPv6 (Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6) is an integral part of the IPv6 architecture and must be fully supported by all implementations of IPv6. ICMPv6 combines functions previously subdivided across different protocols, such as ICMP v4 (Internet Control Message Protocol version 4), IGMP (Internet Group Membership Protocol), and ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), and it introduces some simplifications by eliminating type's obsolete messages that are no longer used.
The internet of things for smart manufacturing: A review
Published in IISE Transactions, 2019
Hui Yang, Soundar Kumara, Satish T.S. Bukkapatnam, Fugee Tsung
The IoT system also uses the Internet to connect a large number of “Things.” Internet protocol (IP) is a universal standard for data communication over heterogeneous networks. Each “Thing” is assigned a unique IP address. As the number of “Things” connected to the internet is increasing rapidly, scalability of the protocol has emerged as a major challenge. Currently, IPv4 is the 32-bit address system that is on the verge of being incapacitated, i.e., using up all the IP addresses. IPv6 is the new 128-bit address system that has a capacity of approximately 2128, or 3.4 × 1038 addresses (Levin and Schmidt, 2014). IPv6 enables every IoT “Thing” to have a unique IP address in the global Internet network. 6LowPAN is a key IPv6-based technology that defines encapsulation and header compression mechanisms independent of the frequency band and physical layers (Wang et al., 2016). In other words, 6LowPAN can be used across different communication platforms (e.g., WiFi, ZigBee, 802.15.4), thereby enabling sensors in heterogeneous networks to carry IPv6 packets and become a part of large-scale IoT system.
Deploying IPv4-only Connectivity across Local IPv6-only Access Networks
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2019
The wide use of Internet-based devices, as well as the growing of the Internet and networking technologies, will probably lead to the depletion of the public IPv4 address space. In order to alleviate this problem, the IETF has proposed a new addressing scheme (i.e. IPv6 [1]). The length of the address space of the IPv6 protocol is 128-bit. Besides, the header of the IPv6 protocol is simple, efficient routing, support both stateless and stateful address configuration, support IPsec and QoS. Due to the unlimited size of the Internet, deciding a “flag day” to do the transition to IPv6 will be impossible. The new IPv6 protocol is intended to gradually and increasingly spread into networks (i.e. particularly in ISPs’ access networks) until it covers the whole Internet [2]. As a result, there will be a coexistence of both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols. Experts predict that the coexistence will remain for a decade(s) [3–8]. A set of transition mechanisms have been proposed by IETF to allow an easy, smooth, and successful transition to IPv6. Normally, the IPv6 transition mechanisms are categorized into three approaches: dual-stack [9,10], tunnelling [11–15], and translation [16–21]. These mechanisms are classified as follows: some of them allow hosts to run applications with different IP version [11]. Other mechanisms are proposed to allow ISPs to provide IPv6 connectivity across their legacy IPv4 networks [12,22,23]. Additionally, other mechanisms allow the interoperability between heterogeneous networks [18]. The rest are proposed to allow ISP, after migrating to IPv6, to provide IPv4 connectivity across their IPv6 access networks [24–26]. Figure 1 shows different possible scenarios that IPSs use to provide IPv6-only, IPv4-only or both IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity to subscribers across their IPv4-only, IPv6-only or IPv6/IPv4 access networks. The IETF working groups and many other researchers have proposed different IPv6 transition mechanisms to handle the situation in scenario #2. For example, 6rd mechanism [12,22] and CHANC protocol [23] are proposed to allow ISP to provide IPv6, IPv4 or IPv4/IPv6 connectivity across their legacy IPv4-only access networks.