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Modern Internet
Published in Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez, Network Evolution and Applications, 2023
Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez
Modern Internet is not limited to any specific region in a country but a global network connecting millions of computers worldwide. It is a decentralized network where each Internet computer is independent and can communicate with any other computer as long as they are connected to the Internet. Heterogeneity is an important feature of modern Internet architecture and Internet is considered as the largest example of a distributed system. A heterogeneous network is the interconnection of different types of network that connects computers and other devices with having different types of operating systems and protocols with each other. It is worth mentioning that the nature of heterogeneity is one of the main factors for popularity of Internet. The Internet itself is actually a giant network that is composed of millions of small subnetworks with the possibility of each of the subnetworks using different protocol for communication and data transfer within the network.
The internet of things for smart manufacturing: A review
Published in IISE Transactions, 2019
Hui Yang, Soundar Kumara, Satish T.S. Bukkapatnam, Fugee Tsung
The IoT system also uses the Internet to connect a large number of “Things.” Internet protocol (IP) is a universal standard for data communication over heterogeneous networks. Each “Thing” is assigned a unique IP address. As the number of “Things” connected to the internet is increasing rapidly, scalability of the protocol has emerged as a major challenge. Currently, IPv4 is the 32-bit address system that is on the verge of being incapacitated, i.e., using up all the IP addresses. IPv6 is the new 128-bit address system that has a capacity of approximately 2128, or 3.4 × 1038 addresses (Levin and Schmidt, 2014). IPv6 enables every IoT “Thing” to have a unique IP address in the global Internet network. 6LowPAN is a key IPv6-based technology that defines encapsulation and header compression mechanisms independent of the frequency band and physical layers (Wang et al., 2016). In other words, 6LowPAN can be used across different communication platforms (e.g., WiFi, ZigBee, 802.15.4), thereby enabling sensors in heterogeneous networks to carry IPv6 packets and become a part of large-scale IoT system.