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Visual tools for wind farms development
Published in Corrado F Ratto, Giovanni Solari, Wind Energy and Landscape, 2020
At the beginning the wind plant designer create a DTM (Digital Terrain Model) (Figure!), a numerical file which is the necessary input of many wind resource calculation software. This is often obtained by digitizing the height contours and/or roughness-change lines from a 1:10000 scale standard topographical map fixed on a tablet. This file, saved as a map file [.MAP], a format readable by WASP (a standard wind resource calculation sotware developed by RISØ National Laboratory, Denmark), is then converted, through some utilities, to a grid file [.GRD]. The first visual tool examined is the SURFER package, a grid based contouring and surface plot program whose powerful 3D capabilities can be applied to model any kind of terrain. SURFER uses as input just a grid file. This one contains a series of Z values located on a rectangular regularly spaced array of (X,Y) locations. For GIS (Geographical Information Systems) applications the (X,Y) locations represents the geographical coordinates in the selected frame of reference, generally the UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinate system, while the Z value is the corresponding terrain height, if an orographic map is considered, or any other phisical quantity whose distribution is to be assessed in relation to the same geographic extent.
Knowledge-Based Module for Groundwater Pollution Modelling
Published in Nebojša Kukurić, Development of a Decision Support System for Groundwater Pollution Assessment, 2020
REGIS will automatically generate a grid file and data files with aquifer/aquitard parameters for each selected layer. Generated data files contain information on: aquifer conductivity, aquitard resistivity, layer top and bottom (thickness), river parameters, withdrawals and groundwater levels. The grid file has the same format as a file that is created when a grid is prepared in PMWIN. One of the PMWIN initialisation files is also modified in REGIS according to specifics of the newly-constructed grid. The grid file and the altered initialisation file are copied to the project sub-directory together with data files. PMWIN uses information from these two files to construct the grid. Data files need to be retrieved one by one for each parameter. After that the grid and parameter files can be modified, and MODFLOW can be run.
Grid-Based Clustering
Published in Charu C. Aggarwal, Chandan K. Reddy, Data Clustering, 2018
Wei Cheng, Wei Wang, Sandra Batista
The grid structure has a scale for each dimension, a grid directory, and the set of data blocks. Each scale is used to partition the entire d-dimensional space and this partitioning is stored in the grid directory. The data blocks contain the data points and there is an upper bound on the number of points per block. The blocks must be nonempty, cover all the data points, and not have any data points in common. Hinrichs offers a more thorough discussion of the grid file structure used [13].
Co(II) coordination polymer: crystal structure and treatment activity against chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Sheng Hu, Xin-Wei Wang, Chuan Du, Wei Li, Hai-Ying Zhang
To probe the possible binding modes of the synthesized Co complex and to further explain the underlying mechanism of the observed experimental results, the molecular docking has been performed. The structure of the Co complex was created and optimized by Avogadro 1.2. The target protein was downloaded from the protein data bank with the associated PDB ID 4MTZ. Before using it as the target protein, the water and other ligands were removed from the downloaded structure. Then both PDB files of the Co complex and target protein 4MTZ were converted to PDBQT format files by AutoDockTools 1.5.6. Further, these two PDBQT files were combined to create the docking grid file and the docking file. Explicitly, the docking grid was 70 angstrom in length and was placed at the coordinates 9.292, −0.39 and 17.79 in three directions (all length units in the simulation part were referring to angstrom if not mentioned specifically). 60 possible binding modes were proposed for better binding conformation sampling. All simulations were performed using AutoDock 4.2. Results were analyzed by PyMol 2.3.
Experimental study on the effect of sludge thickness on the characteristics of ultrasound-assisted hot air convective drying municipal sewage sludge
Published in Drying Technology, 2021
The 3D model establishment and porosity calculation of sludge were carried out with the help of ArcScene (a 3D visualization analysis module of ArcGIS) in this study. The detailed steps are as follows: The processed SEM image file was converted into a raster (GRID) file with pixel attributes, and the pixel grayscale information of the image was automatically set to the elevation information of DEM;The ArcScene module provided by ArcGIS was used to display the GRID file created in step (1). The image was stretched and displayed by the elevation attribute value of DEM model. The aspect ratio of the image was set and adjusted for correct display. The 3D scene of the DEM model created by SEM image of Figure 4 in the ArcScene module is presented in Figure 5; In the ArcScene module, the pore volume and total volume were calculated by using the 3D Analyst tool to obtain the sludge porosity.
Reservoir sedimentation and its effect on storage capacity – A case study of Murera reservoir, Kenya
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
Parfait Iradukunda, Erion Bwambale
After collecting data using an acoustic multi-frequency system (Sonar-based device) in echo-sounding technology to determine the reservoir bed and sediments layers, the acquired data were first processed by editing the profiles in SDI’s Depthpic software (Specialty Devices Inc., Wyle, Texas) to extract geographic data for each navigation traces done in surveying. The Latitude, Longitude, and Altitude data were extracted in the form of X, Y, and Z as water depth. The final data from Depthpic were exported in ASCII text format and then imported in a Surfer 15 software (Golden Software, LLC; Colorado, USA) to track the waypoints followed in the bathymetric survey. The grid file was created from imported X, Y, Z data, and the Kriging interpolation method was used for accuracy purposes. The grid data file created in Surfer software was used to generate contour maps and to calculate the volume of water and sediment in Murera reservoir. The same process was used by (Iradukunda et al., 2020; Maina et al., 2018; Sang et al., 2017). The map presented in Figure 4, shows the waypoints followed and recorded during the bathymetric survey of Murera reservoir.