China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Cutting Edge Data Analytical Tools
Published in Chong Ho Alex Yu, Data Mining and Exploration, 2022
The open source movement was started in the late 1970s and early 1980s by Richard Stallman, a computer programmer at MIT. In September 1983, Stallman created the GNU project (GNU stands for GNU’s Not Unix—a recursive acronym) with the goal of giving a UNIX-like operating system to the world for free. In 1997 software engineer Eric Raymond published his seminal essay, entitled “The Cathedral and the Bazaar.” The Cathedral model refers to the software development process in which code developed between releases is restricted to an exclusive group, whereas the Bazaar model refers to an open system in which the code is distributed across the Internet so that everyone can contribute to debugging. To actualize what he proclaims, in 1998 Raymond released the source code of Netscape, an early Web browser, to the public. In the same year the term “open source” was coined by Christine Peterson to describe this type of free software (Haff 2018). Python and the R Language are two major tools for data science.
A Quick Overview of Linux
Published in Steven F. Blanding, Enterprise Operations Management, 2020
Linux is a UNIX-type operating system, originally created by Linus Torvalds in 1991, that has been enhanced by developers around the world. Linux is an independent POSIX implementation and is compliant with X/Open and POSIX standards. Linux is developed and distributed under the GNU General Public License. The GNU license specifies that the source code for Linux plus any Linux enhancements should be freely available to everyone. Vendors are free to charge for distributing Linux, and the availability of source code does not apply to applications developed on top of Linux. Linux features includes true multi-tasking, multi-user support, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, proper memory management, TCP/IP networking, shell, file structure, utilities, and applications that are common in many UNIX implementations. A complete list of features is included in Exhibit 26.1. Linux is a candidate operating system to be evaluated by enterprise and data center managers who have any flavor of (or are considering acquiring) UNIX or Windows NT.
Scientific Writing
Published in Phillip A. Laplante, Technical Writing, 2018
In 1983, Richard Stallman created a Unix-like operating system called GNU (a recursive acronym for “GNU is Not Unix”) and released it under a license that provided certain rights for use and redistribution—an open-source license. Eight years later, a graduate student at the University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds, created another Unix-like operating system, Linux, which he also made available for free. Both Linux and GNU are still widely available, and their evolution spurred the creation of many other open-source software (OSS) programs. By 1999, a prodigious open-source software developer, Eric Raymond, published his famous treatise, comparing the development of open-source software to the market conditions found in a bazaar, and describing the development of commercial software as a secret, almost religious experience. The process and culture created by Stallman, Torvalds, Raymond, and others formed the basis for the open-source software movement.2
Insight into the application of supercritical water oxidation for dichlorvos degradation: experimental and simulation aspects
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Shiva Ramezanzadeh, Feridun Esmaeilzadeh, Dariush Mowla, Abbas Elhambakhsh, Mansour Kanani
TRAVIS program is used to analyze and visualize the MD and Monte Carlo simulation paths. It is free and open-source software licensed under the GNU terms of Use. The function of this program is interactive. It asks questions and the user must answer them. This program can be installed on Windows and Linux systems [50]. Different stages of the simulation by TRAVIS program in the temperature range from 300 to 3000 K are shown in the supplementary information section (Figures S2–S6).
Adaptation of FEM-based open-source software for ship structural analysis
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2023
Pero Prebeg, Marin Palaversa, Jerolim Andric, Matea Tomicic
OOFEM is licensed under GNU LGPL. This licence permits the usage of the software within or in combination with a proprietary code, without putting any additional requirements on the proprietary code, or its licencing if the terms of the GNU LGPL are fulfilled. This is found to be beneficial in fields such as ship structural design, with long tradition of using commercial software.