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Basics of Fortran
Published in Caio Lima Firme, Quantum Mechanics, 2022
There are several versions of Fortran (FORmulaTRANslation), from Fortran IV to Fortran 2018 (https://wwwfortran.com/). In this book, we have used Fortran-90 to write our source codes (see examples below). Fortran presents a backward compatibility. As a compiled language that results in binary codes after compilation, Fortran has a high performance, fast debugging and testing. It has a huge number of numerical libraries and contains modern features such as OOP (object oriented programming) It also has elegant treatment of arrays and it has its own scalable parallel programming model (Fortran 2008 co-arrays for operation of Cartesian grids). Fortran is a living dinosaur of the scientific programming language and is still evolving. Moreover, the apprentices of scientific programming will see in this chapter that Fortran is very easy to learn. More information can also be found in the link. http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/HomePage.
Programming Languages
Published in David R. Martinez, Robert A. Bond, Vai M. Michael, High Performance Embedded Computing Handbook, 2018
Fortran was the original high-level language, invented for the IBM 704 system in 1954. The name of the language is an abbreviation of the phrase formula translation. According to Malik, “The overall success of Fortran is difficult to overstate: it dramatically changed, forever, the way computers are used” (1998). The language, which was intended to ease the implementation of mathematical formulas, provided capability to write expressions using variables. The language itself was so simple that it was easy for a compiler to optimize these expressions and achieve performance near that of assembly code (Chapman 1998; Metcalf and Reid 1999). The language has evolved through several versions, which have introduced such features as support for complex arithmetic (in FORTRAN 77), operations on whole arrays rather than individual elements, dynamically allocatable arrays (Fortran 90), full support for the exceptions defined by the IEEE arithmetic standard, and standard ways to interact with C (Fortran 2000) (ANSI 1978; ISO 1991; Loveman 1996; Reid 2003). The language is a favorite in the scientific computing space. Many scientific math libraries, such as the linear algebra package LAPACK, as well as many scientific applications, are written in Fortran (Anderson et al. 1999).
Advanced Architecture Computers
Published in Hojjat Adeli, Supercomputing in Engineering Analysis, 2020
C, FORTRAN, and Pascal are fully supported and have support for parallel programming. A parallel programming library is callable from any language. There are extensions to FORTRAN, C, and Pascal to allow shared common blocks. There is a preprocessor for FORTRAN to parallelize DO-loops. Pdbx, a version of the dbx source-level debugger that has been enhanced to support the debugging of parallel programs, is available.
Seismic Response Control for Bridge Piers with Semi-Active MR Damper Based on Displacement Feedback
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023
Zou Shuang, Hei-Sha Wenliuhan, Yan-Hui Liu, N Inoue, Zhi-Peng Zhai
As shown in Table 1, six seismic waves were selected as input ground motions. Among them, five were measured waves, whereas the other one was seismic waves generated based on the requirements of the site conditions. The acceleration response spectra of the input seismic waves are shown in Fig. 12. The peak accelerations of ground motions are normalized to 100 gal, 200 gal, 300 gal and 400 gal, respectively, which are considered four different levels of earthquakes. In the following analysis, the time-history response analysis of four levels of ground motion is carried out. The maximum response of the pier under each level of the earthquake is taken as the evaluation parameter. Newmark-β method (β = 1/4) was used for time-history response analysis. FORTRAN software was used for programming and calculation.
Optimisation techniques for solar drying systems: a review on modelling, simulation, and financial assessment approaches
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2023
Baibhaw Kumar, Gábor Szepesi, Zoltán Szamosi
FORTRAN is a multi-purpose computer programming language initially developed in 1950. This language works on the implementation of compilers. The model of FORTRAN programs is imperative, making it useful in many scientific numerical and computational investigations. It also comes under high-performance computing and thus is used in many computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis-related studies. Over time, FORTRAN has evolved many versions, adding better-performing extensions to the language. Some of the versions of FORTRAN are FORTRAN 77, FORTRAN 90, FORTRAN 95, FORTRAN 2003, FORTRAN 2008, and FORTRAN 2018. All versions contain various dimensions of programming and are helpful in multiple forms.
Variation analysis of multiple tsunami inundation models
Published in Coastal Engineering Journal, 2022
Yoshinori Shigihara, Kentaro Imai, Hiroyuki Iwase, Koji Kawasaki, Makoto Nemoto, Toshitaka Baba, Naotaka Yamamoto Chikasada, Yu Chida, Taro Arikawa
The values of the parameters used by each participant are listed in (Table 3). Note that only the parameters common to all models are shown here; there may be other parameters used by individual users. In this table, in addition to the parameters, the presence or absence of time nesting, type of real numbers used (single or double precision), type of compiler, and computing environment are also described. All the models are written in Fortran 77 or 90, and some of them have been used in practical applications for large-scale computation with the use of parallelization (e.g. Oishi, Imamura, and Sugawara 2015; Baba et al. 2016).