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Reverberation and delay effects
Published in Alec Nisbett, The Sound Studio, 2003
The short-delay effects in which phase is important were also originally explored in pop music by tape techniques before pure electronic devices were introduced. Two recordings were played, initially in synchronization, and then one was slowed by gently pressing a hand against the flange of the tape spool – which is how the resulting effect got the name of flanging. The recordings were separated by a progressively increasing interval, causing phase cancellation to sweep through the audio range. This effect is now achieved by variable digital delay, and is most effective when the interval between the signals lies in the range from 50 μs to 5 ms.
Sheet metal shrink flanging process: a critical review of current scenario and future prospects
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2023
Flanging is sheet metal forming process which has high-end applications from automobile industry to aircraft industry. Straight, stretch, shrink and hole-flanging are the major forms of flanging process flange types. It is found that that market share (revenue) of flanging process in stamping industry will increase by nearly 4 billion USD during the decade of 2013–2024 [328]. Conventional stamping, incremental forming, rubber forming, fluid forming, electromagnetic forming are the technologies utilized till date for formation of flanges. Hole-flanging is the most widely used applied form of flanging process. Shrink flange forming is critically reviewed on various aspects in the present study. It is gathered that shrink flanging process finds its applications in production of automobile and aircraft parts. Aluminum alloys were used for manufacturing aircraft parts, whereas steel alloys were used for manufacturing car body parts in the making shrink flanged parts. Strain based models were majorly used in mathematical analysis of shrink flanging process. Shell-based elements were utilized for meshing of sheet metal for FEM analysis of shrink flanging process. Rubber forming is found to be most efficient forming technique for formation of shrink flange portion parts. Blank shape optimization is carried out by employing FEM simulation topology optimization for shrink flanging process.
Binder force effect on stretch flange forming of aluminum alloy
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2019
Yogesh Dewang, Sanjay Kumar Panthi, M.S. Hora
Few investigations were made by researchers which emphasized on the different strategies for prevention of defects as well as for improvement in formability of stretch flanging process. Wang et al. performed several experiments of stretch-curved flanging of 2B06-O aluminum alloy for the verification of probabilistic design methodology of optimization.[6] Zhang and Sun presented an analytical model for calculation of strain developed in the outer edge of inner concave flanging in order to avoid shape distortion of sheet metal blanks.[7] Zhang and Fan demonstrated differences in vertical height at left- and right-side edges through experiments of concave-curved stretch flanging as a clear evidence of shape distortion, which can be further used for correction in blank size.[8] Voswinckel et al. found that the limit of conventional stretch flanging (ratio of flange length to flange radii) can be increased by employing the incremental forming strategy.[9] In addition to this, in other investigation of double-sided incremental forming of axisymmetric flange consisting of stretch flange and shrink portions, Zhang et al. found that formability of stretch flanging can be enhanced through a reduction in meridional tension.[10]
Single-stage single point incremental square hole flanging of AA5052 material
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2023
Rudreshkumar Makwana, Bharat Modi, Kaushik Patel
The feasibility of SPIHF to form Square flanges in a single-stage has been analyzed. A series of experiments were performed on AA5052-H32 sheets with 1.5 mm thickness to form the flanges with the non-rotating and rotating tool, and by varying the precut hole corner radius. The following conclusions are derived from the experimental study. To describe the flange formability in square hole flanging, Limit Forming Ratio is defined as a ratio of the final flange perimeter to the initial precut hole perimeter.In the square hole flange forming, the fracture took place at the merging area of the flange wall and the round corner, this zone is defined as the critical zone. Moreover, the crack appeared near the flange edge and it was vertical, which shows that the fracture was because of circumferential stress. The material in the critical zone was overstretched when precut hole square length was less than the critical value.The LFR with non-rotating tool was 1.26 whereas with rotating tool it was 1.20. The study was carried out at a single tool rotation speed. The effect may vary at a different tool rotation speed, which can be further analyzed.The increase in the precut square hole corner radius increased the flange formability which shows that the geometry of the precut hole and the final shape of the flange affects the formability even for the same material.The forming forces evolving during the process depend on the rotational motion of the tool. The vertical force dominates over the horizontal force. Forces were higher in experiments with the rotating tool as compared to a non-rotating free-held tool.The microstructure was affected by the tool rotation. Grain refinement took place when the rotating tool was used.The surface roughness was found higher with the rotating tool as compared to that with non-rotating tool.