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High Quality Audio Coding
Published in Jerry D. Gibson, The Communications Handbook, 2018
For archiving and processing of audio signals, the coding will have to be lossless. Lossless coding does not alter the final decoded audio signal in any way (i.e., in any bit). Digital versatile discs for audio (DVD Audio), with their capacity of 4.7 GB (single layer) or 8.5 GB (double layer) (or up to 17 GB if both sides of the discs are readable), allow storage of audio material without any source coding [Fuchigami et al., 2000]. Therefore, linear PCM was adopted for DVD Audio as one of the mandatory audio coding schemes. Six sampling rates in the range between 44.1 and 192 kHz and amplitude resolutions of 16, 20, and 24 bits per audio sample have been specified.
Electrical components
Published in Joe Cieszynski, David Fox, Electronics for Service Engineers, 2012
When a switch is operated, contacts move in order to make and/or break the contact connections. Many switches are multipole, which means that they contain more than one set of contacts. Such switches are defined as: Single Pole Single Throw (SPST), Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT), Double Pole Single Throw (DPST), and Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT). The contact arrangement for each of these is shown in Figure 11.8, along with some other common switch types.
Interpretation of saddle-splay and the Oseen-Frank free energy in liquid crystals
Published in Liquid Crystals Reviews, 2018
The same argument for single and double splay also applies to single and double twist. In Section 2, we argued that a deformation with nonzero T but zero , S, and is 3D double twist. For comparison, we might consider a deformation with single twist, as in a cholesteric phase. For example, consider the director field which is shown in Figure 2(c). For this director field, we calculate This result shows that cholesteric twist is a linear combination of T and . The tensor contains the directional information about which of the directions perpendicular to the local is the helical axis, and which is the uniform direction.
Implementation of Different 2D Finite Element Modeling Approaches in Axial Flux Induction Motors
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Mustafa Özsoy, Orhan Kaplan, Mehmet Akar
AFIMs can be classified as single-sided, double-sided, and multi-layered. Depending on the number of air gaps, they have single stator single rotor, double stator single rotor, or double rotor single stator topologies. Among these topologies, the most basic is the one-sided AFIM topology, which consists of one stator and one rotor [16]. This topology is shown in Figure 2. is the inner diameter of AFIM, is the outer diameter. The red dashed lines represent the magnetic flux path. As can be seen from the magnetic flux path, the flux is distributed axially in AFIMs.
Improvement in sound insulation performance of pyramidal truss core cylindrical sandwich structure by adding a frame structure
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
Unlike plate structures, cylindrical shells, which have higher stiffnesses because of the radii of curvature, have attracted considerable attention. When cylindrical structures are exposed to an external flow field, some noise and vibration owing to fluid-structure coupling are generated [26], which leads to an uncomfortable acoustic environment inside the cylindrical shells. To solve this problem, a series of studies have been carried out on the acoustic and vibrational properties of cylindrical shell structures. Lee and Kim [27, 28] investigated the STLs of single and double cylindrical shells subjected to plane waves. Based on the Lee and Kim’s research, Zhou et al. [29] studied the STL of double-walled cylindrical shells lined with a poroelastic material under an external mean flow. Zhang et al. [30] investigated sound transmission through microperforated double-walled cylindrical shells lined with a porous material. In Zhang’s study, micro-perforation was inserted to improve the sound absorption performance of the structure. Hasheminejad et al. [31] investigated the sound transmission of a hybrid double-wall sandwich cylindrical shell and control of the sound transmission of the structure. Most studies related to the STL of double-walled cylindrical shells focused on similar structures that fill the cavity between the double-walled shells with a poroelastic material [32–36]. Although such structures exhibit good sound insulation performances, their mechanical properties are relatively weak owing to the limitations of poroelastic materials. Pyramidal lattices are excellent structures with high specific stiffnesses and strengths. A pyramid lattice structure as the core of a cylindrical sandwich structure can effectively improve the mechanical properties of the structure. However, no extensive studies have been carried out on the acoustic performances of such structures.