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Futurity
Published in Thomas Birtchnell, John Urry, A New Industrial Future?, 2016
At the other extreme, the Reprap, discussed earlier, is the flagship of a burgeoning and global social movement in ‘peer production’.51 Through the co-creation of a ‘digital commons’ these movements draw on distributed expertise and, more often than not, volunteers’ time and energy. Users are also co-creators in providing testing and feedback. Poignantly, the spread of the Reprap framework is spawning a spate of start-up companies utilizing its open source design in order to market pre-assembled, affordable, consumer-level 3D printers. The most successful to date, Makerbot, was – perhaps ominously – purchased by Stratasys for US$604 million in 2013, demonstrating that open source technologies can also be profitable.52 Whether the 3D society is corporate or communal by nature will be dependent on many variables.
The regulation of digital music distribution
Published in Hendrik Storstein Spilker, Digital Music Distribution, 2017
The various activist groups defending an open Internet have formed a huge movement and been a significant power factor in the development of digital media. A digital commons philosophy has produced some remarkable results such as Open Source products from Linux to Firefox, Open Access for research and science, Wikipedia, WikiLeaks and other forms for knowledge sharing (see Porter 2010; Postigo 2012). We may also mention the Pirate Parties, the entering of Internet politics on the party-political arena, which have received much recognition and some support especially in the Nordic countries – on Iceland the Pirate Party got staggering 15% of the votes at the national elections in autumn 2016 (see Burkart 2014; Fredriksson 2015; Jääsaari and Hilden 2015).
Innovation and equality: an approach to constructing a community governed network commons
Published in Journal of Responsible Innovation, 2022
Rider W. Foley, Olivier Sylvain, Sheila Foster
Elinor Ostrom’s work influenced the study of a variety of user-governed, shared resources that extends far beyond the natural resources that were the subject of her work. Her work opened up new thinking about the process of developing and enforcing rules, social norms and other governance tools for sharing and sustainably utilizing ‘common pool resources’ or ‘commons’. Scholars have conceptualized and articulated new kinds of ‘commons’ that involve ‘communities working together in self-governing ways to protect resources from the enclosure or to build newly open-shared resources’ (Hess 2008, 40). These include knowledge commons, cultural commons, infrastructure commons, neighborhood commons, digital commons, among others (Hess 2008). Collective governance or commons governance has become an important conceptual framework across many disciplines for examining questions of resource access, sharing, governance, and distribution of a range of both tangible and intangible resources (De Moor 2012). This growing body of literature encompasses both material and immaterial resources – ranging from housing, urban infrastructure, and public spaces to culture, labor, and public services (Dellenbaugh et al. 2015; Borch and Kornberger 2016). The boundaries separating public and private goods are redefined to open up those goods and services to public use. They do this in ways that do not depend on nor are they not controlled by a prevailing private or state authority. In other words, thinking of some resources as common goods opens the space between public and private or market and state, to reveal a set of rich conceptual and practical possibilities for governance.